Transportation Revolution in the Market Economy of the 1840s America

1. C.N. 3.2 The Market Revolution • Essential Question: • How did new inventions & improved transportation help facilitate a national market economy and increase national and regional identity? in the 1840s? • How did geography and developments in transportation affect migration, the economy, and the development of different regions of North America? • To what extent did the market revolution exacerbate or amplify political, social, and economic divisions within the growing national fabric?

2. In the 1830s & 1840s, territorial & technological growth led to important changes in America: • Nationalistic feelings from War of 1812 • Improved transportation • Rapid technological innovation • A growing national economy • Mass European immigration • Desire for transcontinental expansion (“Manifest Destiny”) American Antebellum Changes

3. In 1816, Henry Clay’s American System initiated federally funded “internal improvements” • TheNational Road became the 1st federal transportation project • Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs • Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation A Revolution in Transportation

4. America's 1st Turnpike: Lancaster, PA 1790 By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities

5. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

6. Steamboats & canals stimulated commercial agriculture by providing for the free-flow of manufactured goods to the West Principle Canals by 1840

7. Mississippi & Ohio Rivers helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West: • Fulton’s invention of steamboats helped connect the West with Northern manufacturing • State-directed canal projects cut shipping costs by 90% between the West & the North Steamboats & Canals Steamboats provided upstream shipping with reduce costs & increased speeds

8. Robert Fulton’ s Steamboat The Clermont

9. The Erie Canal (1825) provided the 1st link between East & West The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the U.S.

10. Inland Freight Rates

11. In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals’ dominance • Stimulated industrial & commercial agricultural growth The Railroad

12. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

13. Railroad Expansion by 1860 Immigrant labor built railroads in the North Slave labor built railroads in the South The Railroad Revolution, 1850s The Expansion of Railroads by Region

14. Transportation Revolution by 1840: Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads Jackson’s assault on the 2nd BUS in the 1830s, killed Clay’s “American System” but it did not stop transportation improvements

15. The Market Revolution

16. In the 1840s, American industrial production became more efficient: • Due to numerous industrial innovations, growth of factories, & a demand for goods from farmers in West & South • Led to an increased urbanizationintheNorth & an increase in commercial farming in south and west The Industrial Revolution Booms

17. The antebellum era saw a boom in specialized, staple-crop, “commercial” farming due to: • Lower transportation costs • New agricultural innovations like McCormick’s mechanical reaper, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the steel plow, thresher, & cultivator • The use of long-distance marketing & credit to sell crops Rise of Commercial Agriculture Ohio, NY, & PA specialized in wheat while the South grew tobacco, rice, & cotton

18. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793 Actually invented by a slave!

19. John Deere & the Steel Plow

20. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

21. In 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the “putting out” system • By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions • The most famous factory was the Lowell Mill in Boston • Still, only 9% of Americans were involved in manufacturing Early Industrialism “Cottage Industry” Brought families extra income

22. Early Textile Loom Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)

23. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840sSewing Machine

24. Eli Whitney’s Other Critical Invention Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts

25. Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable, 1858 (Two more critical inventions of the era that have little to do with the Market Revolution) Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840

26. Lowell Boarding Houses The Lowell System:The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

27. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

28. Young women from New England farms worked in the Lowell textile mills. By the 1830s, mill owners cut wages and ended their paternalistic practices. The result was strikes and the replacement of the young women with more manageable Irish immigrants. Lowell, Massachusetts

29. New England Dominance in Textiles

30. 1840s: Factory labor begins shifting from women, children to men Immigrants dominate new working class Settle in Ethnic Neighborhoods Employers less involved with laborers Post-1837 employers demand more work for less pay Unions organized to defend worker rights The New Working Class

31. Nativism: hatred of foreigners • "Know-Nothing" party • Sought restrictions on immigration and naturalization • wanted laws to deport poor aliens • Episodes of mass violence occurred in some larger cities. • Irish and German discrimination • Nativists feared immigrants would overpopulate and unduly influence politics. • Did not like their catholic religions • Catholics eventually constructed a separate parochial educational system. Immigrants

32. The gap between rich and poor grew rapidly. • Economic class was reflected by residence as: • poor people (nearly 70 percent of the city) lived in cheap rented housing • middle-class residents (25-30 percent) lived in more comfortable homes • very rich (about 3 percent) built mansions and large town houses. Class Structure and Living Patterns in the Cities

33. Increased cotton demand from New England textile factories Eli Whitney and the cotton gin New, fertile land available in old Southwest Slavery permitted large-scale operation The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture: Rise of King Cotton

34. 90% of slaves lived on plantations or farms Most slaves on cotton plantations worked sunup to sundown, 6 days/week About 75% of slaves were field workers, about 5% worked in industry Urban slaves had more autonomy than rural slaves Slaves’ Daily Life and Labor

35. America in 1840 The Antebellum South • Cotton production divided society in the Deep South: • Large plantations with lots of slaves made good money • Poor yeoman (with few or no slaves) mixed commercial & subsistence farming

37. Slave Population, 1860 Slave Population, 1840 Slave Population, 1820

38. America in 1840 The Antebellum West • Land was cheap • Settlers transformed the West from wilderness to cash-producing farms: • Wheat & corn • Hogs & cattle • Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market

39. America in 1840 The Antebellum North • Shifted from yeoman to small commercial farming • Made manufactured goods for farmers in the West & South • Experienced rapid urbanization

40. U.S. Urban Center

41. American Population Centers in 1820 American Population Centers in 1860

42. New innovations made work easier & improved American industry & agriculture • However, the U.S. was not an “industrial society” in the 1840s • 60% of the population were still involved in farming • Most production was still done traditionally in small workshops The Market Revolution

43.     A. East        1. More industrial; made machines and textiles for other two regions             a. By 1861, owned 81% of U.S. industrial capacity.             b. Most populous region; 70% of manufacturing workers     B. South:        1. Cotton for export to New England and Britain; slavery         2. Resisted change to its economy and culture        3. Some industrial growth but output never exceeded 2% value of cotton crop    C. West:        1. Became nation’s breadbasket: Grain and livestock         2. Fastest growing population    D. Political implications         1. Two northern sections (East and West) closely interconnected economically         2. South would be isolated. 1. Regional Specialization

44. National Unity or Sectionalism