HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

1. HIVHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Tyler Hinkle Petia Zamfirova Anita Zarska Heather Ours Sara Webster

2. White Blood Cells Provide the body with its principle line of defense against disease. Many types including: NeutrophilsEosinophilsBasophilesMonocytesHelper T cellsCytotoxic T cells Memory T cells Suppressor T cells

3. Viruses Cannot reproduce on their own Reproduce by using the cells of other humans or animals as hosts Don't have cell walls or a nucleus and are made up of genetic information wrapped inside a protective shell Can only replicate within the cell Retroviruses, as is HIV, are RNA viruses that in order to replicate need to make a DNA copy of their RNA which allows the virus to replicate by incorporating this DNA into the host cell�s genes

4. Transfer of HIV Cannot be transferred through everyday contact as in coughing, shaking hands or insect bites. Through direct contact with bodily fluids Unprotected intercourse heterosexually or homosexually through vaginal fluids and semen Shared needles In saliva in low concentrations Can be transmitted through oral sex Blood transfusions Vertical Transmission (Mother to fetus during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and breast feeding)

5. What does HIV do? Attacks Immune System, specifically, Helper T-cells, making it difficult for the body to fight infection. These cells, CD4+ T-cells are crucial to the normal function of the human immune system and without them, all other cells in the immune system are prevented from operating. No reaction against an invader can me made. The HIV virus eventually makes Helper T-cells an HIV producing factory. The immune system eventually becomes so deteriorated that it is susceptible to all diseases that even a common cold can potentially kill the AIDS infected individual. (Nobody actually dies from HIV or AIDS)

6. HIV

7. HIV Virus Anatomy Image from howstuffworks.com

8. Process

9. Fear as Awareness

10. Symptoms Infections Dry Cough Rapid Weight Loss Night Sweats Fatigue Diarrhea Swollen Lymph Glands Sores Altered Taste

11. Nucleoside Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) A nucleoside analog that targets the enzyme reverse transcriptase to inhibit HIV replication. AZT (zidovudine)

12. FDA Approved Treatments Cont. Non-nucleoside Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) Targets structure of reverse transcriptase to inhibit enzyme activity, preventing the virus from reproducing. NVP (nevirapine) Very potent but resistance develops quickly

13. Shortcomings and Side Effects Not a cure for HIV Resistance to drug therapy Treatment does not prevent the virus from spreading Not always able to increase CD4+ cell count Heath issues - Liver problems, diabetes, abnormal fat distribution (lypodystropy syndrome), high cholesterol, increases bleeding in hemophiliacs, decreased bone density, skin rash, pancreatitis, nerve problems (peripheral neuropathy), hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia

14. Clinical Research Coreceptor Inhibitor targets the HIV-1 envelope and inhibits CD4+ receptor binding. Activation of viral reservoirs used in combination with HAART to eliminate latent viral reservoirs in cells by stimulating virus expression. RNA-based therapeutic approach makes use of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) which bind to destroy HIV (only synthetic RNA has worked on target cells).

15. Clinical Research Cont. Vaccines stimulate anti-HIV immune response. Subunit Vaccines � genetically engineered individual proteins and peptides DNA Vaccines � DNA containing HIV genes is injected into the body to produce HIV proteins Recombinant Vector Vaccines � Harmless levels of viruses or bacteria are injected into the body to produce proteins from the HIV gene

16. Testing New 20 Minute Test

17. HIV infection global total: 42 million Total number of deaths between 1981 and 2003 : 20 million More than 6000 become infected with HIV everyday 3 million die every year Women more vulnerable than men

18. U.S. Statistics HIV Infections 1.3-1.4 million AIDS 816,000 Deaths 468,000 HIV & Unaware ~250,000 May lay dormant for years or decades before symptoms occur In the US, 1 in 1000 chance of contracting HIV in any sexual encounter Philadelphia ranked 8th in AIDS cases in U.S. As of 2001

19. Statistics Cont. Sub-Saharan Africa - 29.4 million South and Southeast Asia - 6 million Latin America - 1.5 million North America - 980,000 Eastern Europe/Central Asia - 1.2 million

20. History of HIV/AIDS 1926-46 - HIV possibly spreads from primates to humans. No one knows for sure. 1959 - A man dies in Congo in what many researchers say is the first proven AIDS death. 1981 - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notices high rate of otherwise rare cancer 1982 - The term AIDS is used for the first time, and CDC defines it. 1983/84 - American and French scientists each claim discovery of the virus that will later be called HIV. 1985 - The FDA approves the first HIV antibody test for blood supplies. 1987 - AZT is the first anti-HIV drug approved by the FDA. 1991 - Basketball star Magic Johnson announces that he is HIV-positive. 1996 - FDA approves first protease inhibitors. 1999 - An estimated 650,000 to 900,000 Americans living with HIV/AIDS. 2002 - AIDS global death toll reaches nearly 28.1 million

21. Questions?