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Team 4

Team 4. Alan, Danielle, & Stephen. Observation. Revealing a flushing mechanism Located in the Head in the Armory Instructions located on the top. Observation. Problem: Top is approximately 62” from the floor. Observation. Mean eye level for American Male is 64.7 inches

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Team 4

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  1. Team 4 Alan, Danielle, & Stephen

  2. Observation • Revealing a flushing mechanism • Located in the Head in the Armory • Instructions located on the top

  3. Observation • Problem: Top is approximately 62” from the floor

  4. Observation • Mean eye level for American Male is 64.7 inches • Must be well above this to look down on the top. Most are at an oblique angle or below.

  5. Observation • Attempt to alleviate the issue on ground floor

  6. A study comparing novice and expert drivers Visual attention in driving

  7. “Visual attention and the transition from novice to advanced driver” G. Underwood (2007). Ergonomics

  8. Background • 20% - 30% of accidents are due to inattentive driving • Smoking • Eating • Applying makeup • Looking for objects in vehicle • Looking at objects on roadside • PDA’s

  9. The risk of an accident increases dramatically if an unexpected road event occurs while the driver is distracted

  10. Situation Awareness • Driving environment is visually busy • Need to control the vehicle and awareness of external events • Experienced drivers have better situational awareness

  11. Safe vehicle operation requires: • Lane keeping • Maintenance of speed • Maintenance of heading • Monitoring for hazards • Accurate navigation

  12. Differences between novice and experienced drivers • Visual attention • Younger drivers pay less attention • Mental model • Experienced drivers accumulate memories • Scanning behaviors • Experienced drivers scan more

  13. Reviews • Eye scanning elliptical area • Scanning behavior increases with experience • Changes in traffic/road conditions: • Novices not sensitive to • Experienced drivers anticipate

  14. Reviews cont. • Eye scanning road conditions: • Experienced drivers do • Novices don’t • Very experienced drivers (police) short fixed duration • mental model supports dismissal of irrelevant information • greater sampling of visual environment

  15. Why Novices Fail to Scan • Perception • Comprehension • Prediction • Novices • one level – only perceive • Experienced • Comprehend and predict hazards

  16. Hazard Prediction Experiment • Videos of novice and expert driving • Rural • Urban • Dual carriageway Press key when detecting hazard

  17. Results • Experienced and novice process videos differently • Experienced greater horizontal scanning • Experienced scan paths sensitive to environment-novices didn’t • Novices interest in road ahead

  18. Attending to Hazardous Events • Maintain awareness of other vehicles • Hazards cause “attention capture” of novices only • Very experienced drivers seek out and monitor multiple hazards

  19. Learning to Anticipate Hazards • Novice drivers trained to scan and anticipate hazards • Results • Trained subjects scanned more of scene • Scanning behavior changes persisted until re-test months later

  20. Conclusion • Inattention and distraction contribute to accidents • Unlikely to detect unexpected event • Novices restricted scanning behavior • Not a matter of higher workload • Novice mental model – no accurate estimate of hazards • Expert Drivers Mental Model more active and efficient scanning • Quickly dismiss irrelevant • Anticipate hazards, scan accordingly • Training alters novice scan patterns • Encourages more active visual attention • Fosters predictive ability to anticipate other drivers

  21. Visual Environment: Measurement and Design Chapter 10

  22. Vision and the Eye • Description of the way the eye works

  23. Retinal Adaptation • Ability to change sensitivity based on ambient light • Night driving with sudden oncoming headlights is example • Additional lights at tunnel entry and exit

  24. Photometric Terminology • Luminous intensity Candela (cd) • Power of a source to emit light in a particular direction

  25. Photometric Terminology • Luminous flux Lumen (lm) • Rate of flow of luminous energy

  26. Photometric Terminology • Luminance cd/m2 • Light emitted by a surface

  27. Photometric Terminology • Illuminance Lux (lx) • Amount of light falling on a surface

  28. Photometric Terminology • Reflectance • Ratio of the luminance and illuminance at a surface

  29. Task lighting • Visual tasks require light to illuminate the task environment

  30. Visual tasks require light • Proper lighting is more important for older subjects than younger • Documented productivity increases with higher illumination levels • cigarette rolling • leather working

  31. Glare • Increases task demands • more pronounced in older subjects • Bright lights can cause “retinal afterimages” • Obscure the task environment in night driving • Oncoming headlights • Street lights • Construction beacons

  32. Lighting Design • Suitable level of illumination • Balance of surface luminance • Driving • ambient lighting • external lighting • dashboard brightness • Light uniformity over time • Dynamic domain like driving this can change frequently • Changes can impact night vision of drivers • Avoid glare

  33. Line of Sight • Driver’s 360° line of sight is critical factor in vehicle design • In industrial applications, adequate field of view could eliminate need for a ‘spotter” • Improved field of view could support more efficient operations

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