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Note taking in EGR115. notebook slide number in margin. comments on the right. write down vocabulary words write down overall ideas write down things that we repeat 4 or 5 times! write down possible errors printout of slides print 2 or 3 slides per page draw arrows, add your comments
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Note taking in EGR115 • notebook • slide number in margin. comments on the right. • write down vocabulary words • write down overall ideas • write down things that we repeat 4 or 5 times! • write down possible errors • printout of slides • print 2 or 3 slides per page • draw arrows, add your comments • highlight
Introduction to Computers and Programming History of computers (4 slides) What is a computer system? What is software? What is programming? Different languages Compiled vs. interpreted
History of Computers Computers ≠ calculators Computers are programmable. The first calculators were not programmable, hence not considered computers. History 1/4
1854 (~150 years ago) - Pioneer of modern computer! Babbage’s difference engine Device to subtract adjacent valuesin a column of numbers. Created for engineers in charge of creating tables of logarithms and trigonometric functions. History 2/4
1943 (~70 years ago) .. came Colossus • Primarily used for breaking the German codes during World War 2. • It would crack Enigma Codes (codes that were cracked by exhaustively shifting text by arbitrary amounts). For example: ‘Zsszbjzs 9599’ would be ‘Attack at 0600’ History 3/4
Finally, the von Neumann Architecture… • The Von Neumanncomputer architecture is mostly what we still use today. The architecture separates a computer in 3 major parts: • The Central Processing Unit (CPU) • The computer memory • The Input/Output (I/O) devices ? ? CPU + memory Screen=output Mouse=input Speakers=output Knob=input Keyboard=input History 4/4
Software and programming? • Microsoft Word, Excel, Guitar Hero, the address book in your cell phone, the electronic that starts a car, the avionics in an airplane… are all softwarethat were written by people. • Programming is the act of writing logical instructions that will be executed when people use the software. • It is as difficult as learning to speak a foreign language, since the programmer is constrained to the vocabulary (specific keywords) and grammar (exact syntax) of programming. ( ) ‘ ’ , ; if for else while switch case otherwise end input fprintf
A computer system today • Keeping the von Neumann architecture, today’s computing systems combine both hardware and software. • Hardware (i.e. what’s hard and can break..): mouse, keyboard, monitor, hard disk, printer, CD, DVD. • Software i.e. the programs that describe the steps we want the computer to perform.
Trivia 1 • An actual DVD is: a) hardware b) software • The content on a Microsoft Office DVD is most likely: a) hardware b) software
Categories of software • Software contains the instructions the CPU uses to run programs. • There are several categories, including: • Operating systems (OS) – manager of the computer system as a whole • Software applications – commercial programs that have been written to solve specific problems • Language compilers - to ‘translate’ programs written by people into something understandable by the machine (sometimes not needed)
Trivia 2 • Which type of software are these? ________
Trivia 3 • What type of software are these?____________
Generations of Languages used to write software 1) Machine language – also called binary language. Sequence of 0’s and 1’s. 2) Assembly language – each line of code produces a single machine instruction (add, subtract…) 3) High-level language – slightly closer to spoken languages. add b,c add a,b a= a + b + c; This line does the same as the two above.
Trivia 4 • Order these types of languages in the order they came out? • assembly language • machine language • high-level language
Finally… MATLAB • Is an interpretedlanguage – does not require compilation, but it does have a compilation step hidden from the user. • Has an interactiveenvironment – • “In the MATLAB environment, you can develop and execute programs that contain MATLAB commands. You can execute a MATLAB command, observe the results, and then execute another MATLAB command that interacts with the information in memory, observe its results and so on.”
Internet vs. WWW? • Internet is the “boss” of all communication tools, including www but also servers, etc…
Wrapping Up • Computers vs. Calculators? • Evolution of computers from WW2? • Von Neumann Architecture? • Hardware vs. software? • Types of software? • Types of languages? • MATLAB?