Need

1. Need World Food Prices Soy Food Prices have risen in recent years http://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/images/bdv-3-17-n-fertilizers.jpg Resistant Soy SCN /C.elegans Effects of SCN Use of Resistant Soy http://www.biochem.arizona.edu • SCN significantly reduces soy yield • In the cyst form SCN are nearly impossible to destroy • Resistant Soy is the primary non-chemical SCN control www.epa,gov Paecilomyces lilacinus Rhizobium • Paecilomyces lilacinus traps and kills nematodes by interfering with their cell membranes http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/3353096.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&k=2&d=0629904139C22E587A5A3CC511DB2D78A55A1E4F32AD3138 http://www.wmc.ac.uk/biology/Image2.jpg • Rhizobium perform sybiosis with soy , fixing nitrogen • Rhizobium reduces the need for nitrogen fertilizer by half http://www.im.ac. Pasteuria Penetrans Chitin/Clove Oil • Pasteuria Penetrans endospores paralyze female juvenile SCN http://www.wmc.ac.uk/biology/Image2.jpg www1.montpellier.inra.fr • Chitin/ Clove Oil are potential organic nonliving biocontrols Inheritance of resistance to SCN in RIL soy Tilka www.koihealth.org Life Cycle Ultrastructure and Host Specifity of Pasteuria that Parasitizes theSoybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera Glycines by G. R. Noel • Tilka confirms resistant soy are unaffected by SCN • SCN can circumvent soy resistance in under 3 years (36 generations • Creation of new resistant strains is more difficult • endospores only attach themselves and develop in female juvenile nematodes • 100,000 endospores/g reduced nematode population by 95% • Pod yields increased 94% with 100,000 endospores/g http://www.nature.com Resistant Strain V. Susceptible Strain Pathogenicity of Fungi to Eggs of Heterodera Glycine Dickson Control of Soybean Cyst Nematode By Chitionolytic Bacteria and Chitin SubstrateTian http://www.fao.org/docrep/v9978e/v9978e07.jpg http://fulltextt10.fcla.edu/DLData/SN/SN0022300X/0028_002/96_19.pdf • Dickson Concludes that parasitic nematodes were reduced significantly by fungus • Dickson says fungi inhibits the hatching of nematodes eggs • Dickson suggests that egg and juvenile parasitism is the best way to reduce nematodes • Chitin levels greater or equal to .05% limit nematodes by 50% • At .05% chitin levels plant height is greater that controls Effects of clove oil on SCNMeyer Purpose The purpose of the experiment would be to test how biological controls to parasitic nematodes (i.e. SCN) would work with a SCN resistant variety of soy to limit both damage of SCN to soy and the development of resistance among parasitic nematodes, the experiment would also test how fungi effects the local micro biota . • .4% levels of clove oil significantly decreased egg count • .12% levels kill half of all eggs and hatched nematodes Hypothesis Hypothesis: H(o)- Resistant soy inoculated withbiological controls will have no significant difference in C.elegan count or Rhizobium population from that in plain soy. H(a)- Resistant soy inoculated withbiological controls will have significantly lower C.elegan count than that in plain soy and similar to that in soy exposed to Copper Sulfate. Resistant soy inoculated withbiological controls will have statistically similar Rhizobium populations to plain soy and statistically higher Rhizobium populations than the soy with resistant Rhizobium and copper sulfate.