Development and transfer of CAPS for small-holder farms in eastern Uganda and western Kenya

1. Development and transfer of CAPS for small-holder farms in eastern Uganda and western Kenya University of Wyoming Makerere University, Uganda Moi University, Kenya Appropriate Technology Uganda, Ltd. Manor House Agricultural Centre SACRED Africa

3. Jay Norton, assistant professor of soil fertility, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming • Eric Arnould, distinguished professor of sustainable business practices, Department of Management and Marketing, University of Wyoming • Melea Press, assistant professor, Department of Management and Marketing, University of Wyoming • Urszula Norton, assistant professor of agroecology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming • Danelle Peck, assistant professor, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wyoming • Bernard Bashaasha, associate professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Makerere University, Uganda • John R. Okalebo, professor of soil science, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Moi University, Kenya • Rita Ojok, director, AT Uganda • Emmanuel Omondi, director, Manor House Agricultural Center (MHAC) • Eusebius Mukhwana, director, SACRED Africa

4. Research Objectives • Assemble advisory group of stakeholders from selected study areas. Compile information for prototype CAPS development; • Define the traditional system and develop prototype CAPS for each area that build upon local knowledge and traditional practices, and that address agronomic and socio-economic constraints; • Evaluate agronomic, ecological, and economic sustainability of CAPS compared to traditional practices.

5. Year 1 • Recruiting graduate students in soil science & econ/marketing: nearly complete at UW, in progress at Moi and Makerere; • Inception meeting of partners and listening tour: completed March 13-28, 2010; • Baseline, pre-project survey: June & July, 2010; • Study area focus groups: August, 2010; • Advisory group treatment design: Sept-Oct, 2010 • Year 2-4: on-station and on-farm trials and post-project survey.

6. Advertised via university and NGO partners, and by circulating announcement during our “listening tour”; • Soils: Offer made and accepted to PhD student out of Kenyatta Univ. who’s been working for TSBF; • Econ: narrowed to one of two candidates, one from Uganda and one from Kenya; • Search in progress for MSc students at Moi and Makerere.

7. Inception meeting/listening tour • UW team met with agency and NGO players with offices in Niarobi: TSBF, KARI, ACT, KenDAT, ILRI, and USAID; • Met with host-country partners to chart course; • Visited NGO headquarters of SACRED and MHAC; • Met with farmers’ groups in each of the four study areas to ask about farming systems in use and issues.

8. 100 households in each “impact” area defined as the community or communities that will have access to our field trials and training events; • Survey will include: • Demographic/environmental information; • Questions about knowledge and activities that we hope to impact; • Some questions about marketing and economic issues; • To be managed by NGOs and carried out by bi-gender teams.

9. Series of meetings in each area; • Use PRA techniques to learn more about: • Effective technology development, adoption, local innovation; • Limits to change; • Market, labor, other constraints; • Local technological networks; • Identify long-term advisory group members (key informants) and potential on-farm trial cooperators.

10. Co-design approach in each area; • Develop common understandings of: • Issues discussion or training on plow pan development, erosion, nutrient depletion, weeds, labor, inputs, etc.; • Toolbox: • Tillage options; • Weed control options; • Soil fertility options; • Alternative crops & varieties. • Use common understanding issues and tools to design list of treatments; pick three most adaptable for largest number of local farmers.

11. Field trials • On-station: on NGO or research institute land in the four study areas; • On-farm: at least three farms for each treatment in each area; • Establish plots/fields this fall; • Plant in spring 2011.

12. Monitoring • Soil properties and organic matter status • Combination of HC and UWyo labs; • Labile, occluded, stable pools monitored seasonally; • Trace gas emissions for C and N cycling; • Yields; • Economic and marketing factors; • Kapchorwa: erosion plots.

16. The plow • Many obvious advantages; • Hidden costs; • Compaction; • Erosion; • SOM loss; • Even without changing residue mgmt, less intensive tillage would improve soil quality and production.

20. Districts • Trans-Nzoia: most land on very large commercial farms with clusters of smallholders, some slope; • Bungoma: Densely populated, very small farms, mostly level; • Tororo: Densely populated, very small farms, lack of livestock/traction; level; • Kapchorwa: Farms a bit larger, opened to ag in 1983, very steep slopes and drastic erosion. Farmers eager for information.

21. Common issues • Corn on corn • Intensive tillage • Little use and limited/unstable access to inputs • Impressions: • A lot of smart people developing and promoting alternative approaches for a very long time; • Many farmers aware of better, more sustainable alternatives but trapped in corn on corn; • But: tillage is not part of the picture in either alternative systems or farmers’ awareness. • Focus on minimum tillage as central component of CAPS. • Iterative practices that don’t rely on inputs.

22. Strip intercropping