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The Crusades: Holy Wars for Control

Explore the history of the Crusades, a series of holy wars fought between Christians and Muslims from 1095 to 1204. Discover the significant events and leaders that shaped these conflicts.

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The Crusades: Holy Wars for Control

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  1. http://history.howstuffworks.com/middle-ages/crusades7.htm The Crusades 1095-1204

  2. www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~gkt/www/crusades.jpg • The word crusades originated from the Latin term crux referring to cross. (Bulliet 239) • In total, there were eight crusades. • The first crusade was supported by Pope Urban II, who gathered Christians and encouraged them to fight against the Muslims. • In the first crusade, victory pertained to the Christians; Jerusalem was under their control. (http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/cru1.htm) • The Second Crusade occurred shortly after the Muslims took over Edessa. (http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/ferzoco.htm)

  3. http://www.mcleanscotland.com/images/newtemplarfront.JPG • King Louis of France accompanied by Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Emperor Conrad III agreed to go recapture Edessa from the Muslims. • Their attempts were futile, and after two years returned home with defeat. (http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/history/highmiddle/secondcrusade.htm) • Saladin and Richard the Lionheart were one of the greatest military leaders of this time period because of their impact in the Third Crusade. (http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Saladin.htm) • King Richard sensed defeat while attempting to take over Jerusalem because of the great loss of numbers of his men, no food or water, and no resources with which to attack the city. (http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/the-third-crusade.htm) • In 1192, Richard and Saladin signed a truce allowing pilgrims from the West to visit the City with no troubles from the Muslims. (http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Saladin.htm)

  4. http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/351images/innocentx.jpghttp://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/351images/innocentx.jpg • Pope Innocent recruited men for the Fourth Crusade believing after Saladin’s death in 1197, Jerusalem didn’t have the same strength. • As the crusaders made their way to Jerusalem through the North, Alexius pleaded their help in regaining his throne of Constantinople in exchange of money to pay for the crusades. • Alexius IV was executed after his high demands of taxes to pay of which to pay the crusaders causing the crusaders to attack this city; they never made it to Jerusalem instead returning home with treasures. (http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/history/latemiddle/fourthcrusade.htm) • Although it was not planned, Constantinople was established with an Emperor of the crusaders making this gesture a great victory. (http://www.medievaltymes.com/courtyard/intro_fourth_crusade.htm) • Pope Honorius III gathered men to be part of the fifth Crusade in 1216 AD, and made them follow the original plan of the fourth crusade. (http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/history/latemiddle/fifthcrusade.htm)

  5. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg • In 1218, the crusaders captured Damietta, however in their attempt to take over Cairo, the men had to hand over the city and went home empty handed. (http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/history/latemiddle/fifthcrusade.htm) • The Sixth Crusade was just as important as the first; Jerusalem was once again under the control of the Christians. • In the Sixth Crusade, Frederick II of Germany married the daughter of John of Brienne, the king of Jerusalem, gaining control of the Holy City with no military usage. (http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_crusade6th.html) • Fifteen years later, however, Jerusalem went back under the control of the Muslims. • The Seventh Crusade was lead by King Louis IX of France who wanted to gain land of Egypt, traveling in the same path as the fifth crusade. (http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_crusade7th.html)

  6. www.nndb.com/people/231/000092952/ • At the Battle of Mansura in 1250, the crusaders managed to get across the Ashmoun Canal, unfortunately Louis’ brother disobeyed his order and attacked Mansura leading him to his death. • As a result, King Louis IX was left alone, and in the battle of Fariskur in 1250 the Egyptians defeated the army. (http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_crusade7th.html) • Known as the Eighth Crusade, sixteen years after the last seventh, King Louis IX once again attempted to gain control of countries in Egypt. • Although he failed to take over any new land, trade rights with Tunis were accomplished. (http://www.medievality.com/ninth-crusade.html) • The lute was the most impacting instrument of the Renaissance music in Italy. (Bulliet 240)

  7. Quiz (:

  8. #1: Which woman impacted the Second Crusade the most? • Elizabeth of France • Eleanor of Egypt • Eleanor of Aquitaine • Elizabeth of Aquitaine • Eleanor of Venice

  9. #2: In which two Crusades was Jerusalem under the control of the Christians? • One and Five • Two and Eight • Three and Seven • One and Six • Four and Seven

  10. #3: For what reasons did the majority of men join the crusades? • They were promised a path to heaven if killed, freed from their sins, and were converted to Christianity. • It proved their devotion to their country. • Land was promised to those who survived the battles. • A higher rank in status was given. • They were forced to join, or faced execution.

  11. Bibliography: • Bulliet, Richard. The Earth and its People. Third. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. • Carr, Karen. "The Fourth Crusade ." 15 Jan 2009. Portland State University, Web. 19 Oct 2009. <http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/history/latemiddle/fourthcrusade.htm>. • Carr, Karen. "The Ninth Crusade ." 15 Jan 2009. Portland State University, Web. 19 Oct 2009. < http://www.medievality.com/ninth-crusade.html >. • Carr, Karen. "The Second Crusade ." 15 Jan 2009. Portland State University, Web. 19 Oct 2009. <http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/history/highmiddle/secondcrusade.htm>. • Carr, Karen. "The Seventh Crusade ." 15 Jan 2009. Portland State University, Web. 19 Oct 2009. < http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_crusade7th.html >. • Carr, Karen. "The Sixth Crusade ." 15 Jan 2009. Portland State University, Web. 19 Oct 2009. <http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/history/latemiddle/sixthcrusade.htm>. • Ferzoco, George . "The Origin of the Second Crusade." 1992. Web. 19 Oct 2009. <http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/ferzoco.htm>. • Hartley, . "Fourth Crusade Introduction." 2004. Web. 19 Oct 2009. <http://www.medievaltymes.com/courtyard/intro_fourth_crusade.htm>. • J, Richard. "Seventh Crusade 1248-1254." 24 Mar 2001. Web. 19 Oct 2009. <http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_crusade7th.html>. • Trueman, Chris. "The Crusades." 2009. Web. 19 Oct 2009. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/cru1.htm>.

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