The Language Of Medicine Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

1. The Language Of Medicine Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

2. Chapter 5Digestive System 2

3. Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions. Define combining forms for gastrointestinal organs and know the meaning of related terminology. Describe signs, symptoms, and disease conditions affecting the digestive system. Chapter Goals

4. Digestive or gastrointestinal system performs four main functions: • ingestion • digestion • absorption • elimination Introduction

5. Ingestion—Food material taken into mouth • Digestion—Food is broken down and travels through the gastrointestinal tract. • Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex nutrients. • Proteins → amino acids • Sugars → glucose • Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides Introduction: Ingestion and Digestion

6. Digested food passes into bloodstream through lining cells of small intestine. Nutrients travel to all cells of the body Cells burn nutrients to release energy stored in food. Introduction:Absorption

7. Body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream. • The large intestine concentrates feces. • The wastes pass out of the body through the anus. Introduction:Elimination

9. The gastrointestinal tract begins with the oral cavity. Organs of the Digestive System

10. Oral Cavity Major parts of the oral cavity

11. Oral Cavity Major parts of the oral cavity

12. Oral Cavity Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch →

13. Oral Cavity Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch

14. Oral Cavity Anatomy of a tooth

15. Oral Cavity Anatomy of a tooth

16. Oral Cavity Salivary glands

17. Pharynx Deglutition

18. Pharynx Deglutition

19. Esophagus/Stomach Parts of the stomach

20. Esophagus/Stomach Parts of the stomach

21. The Digestive Tract

22. The Digestive Tract

23. Small Intestine Villi in the lining of the small intestine

24. Large Intestine Parts of the large intestine

25. Large Intestine Parts of the large intestine

26. Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

27. Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

28. Besides producing bile and releasing bilirubin, the liver: • helps maintain normal blood glucose levels • manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting • removes toxins and poisons from the blood Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

29. 1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream? • gluconeogenesis • emulsification • hyperbilirubinemia • glycogenolysis QUICK QUIZ:

30. Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas The pancreas and its functions

31. Food Pathway through the GI Tract Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus

32. Food Pathway through the GI Tract Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus

33. 2. Which term is the first part of the large intestine? • cecum • duodenum • jejunum • pylorus QUICK QUIZ:

34. 3. Which term means swallowing? • mastication • deglutition • emulsification • peristalsis QUICK QUIZ:

35. Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology

36. Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology Three types of anastomoses

37. Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Terminology

38. 4. Which term means inflammation of the lip? • cholecystitis • celiac • appendicitis • cheilitis QUICK QUIZ:

39. Examples of signs and symptoms: anorexia – Lack of appetite ascites – Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen eructation – Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth steatorrhea – Fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter Pathology of the Digestive System

40. aphthous stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers dental caries – tooth decay herpetic stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus. oral leukoplakia – white plaques or patches periodontal disease – inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone. Pathologic ConditionsOral Cavity and Teeth

41. Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract • achalasia –Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

42. esophageal varices – Swollen, varicose veins at lower end of the esophagus. gastric carcinoma – Malignant tumor of the stomach. Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract

43. Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract

44. gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach peptic ulcer – Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum. Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract

45. hernia – Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it. Pathologic ConditionsUpper Gastrointestinal Tract

46. anal fistula – Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus. colonic polyposis – Polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon. Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal Tract: Small and Large Intestines

47. colorectal cancer – Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both. Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal Tract:Small and Large Intestines

48. Crohn disease – Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. diverticulosis – Abnormal side pockets (outpouchings in the intestinal wall. Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal Tract:Small and Large Intestines

49. dysentery – Painful, inflamed intestines hemorrhoids – Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region ileus – Failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal Tract:Small and Large Intestines

50. intussusception – Telescoping of the intestines IBS – Irritable bowel syndrome- group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension ulcerative colitis – Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers volvulus – Twisting of the intestines on itself Pathologic ConditionsLower Gastrointestinal Tract:Small and Large Intestines