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Cold War

Cold War. Democratic Capitalism vs. Totalitarian Communism. Yalta Conference. Feb. 1945 “Big Three” (Churchill, FDR, Stalin) Agreement for WWII peace treaty Divide Germany into zones of occupation Germany to pay USSR reparations

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Cold War

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  1. Cold War Democratic Capitalism vs. Totalitarian Communism

  2. Yalta Conference • Feb. 1945 • “Big Three” (Churchill, FDR, Stalin) Agreement for WWII peace treaty • Divide Germany into zones of occupation • Germany to pay USSR reparations • Eastern European countries would have free elections – Stalin did not want this but Churchill & FDR out-voted him • Stalin agreed to help US in Pacific

  3. Creation of United Nations • June 1945 • US, USSR & 48 other nations • international organization • protect countries against aggression • General Assembly – each nation sends 1 representative to cast votes on issues • Security Council – 11 members – has real power to investigate issues & settle disputes • 5 permanent members – GB/China/France/US/USSR

  4. Potsdam Conference • Truman finds out about successful testing of Atomic bomb in NM • Nuclear warfare ends war in Pacific • Hiroshima & Nagasaki • Truman teases Stalin with news of a secret “new weapon” – hostility between US & USSR increases • Different visions of the post-war world • Nuclear arms race begins

  5. Cold War facts Lasted from 1945-1991 Leaders: USA vs. USSR conflict involved the whole world First battle of Cold War – Europe USSR set up satellite (puppet) gvts -Albania - Poland -Bulgaria - Yugoslavia - Hungary - Romania - Czechoslovakia

  6. Soviet “sphere of influence” • Eastern Europe • No free elections held • Dividing line – Germany • East Germany – USSR • West Germany – US/GB/France • “Iron Curtain” by Winston Churchill • Imaginary wall dividing Eastern Europe (communist) from Western Europe (capitalist) • Tired of USSR being invaded from Eastern Europe • Wanted Soviet communism to influence rest of world

  7. “The Iron Curtain”

  8. Why was the USSR determined to control Eastern Europe? • Tired of Russia being invaded through Eastern Europe • Stalin wanted a “buffer zone” • Payback for WWII • Wanted Soviet influence in world • Some people embraced communism • Desperate for essentials of life • Scared of the far right (fascism) • Communist gov’ts made promises of better lifestyles

  9. US policies during Cold War • Containment • Truman’s policy of blocking Soviet influence to prevent spread of communism • Create alliances to help weak countries fight off Soviet influence • Truman Doctrine • Foreign aid ($$) for countries that rejected communism • Controversial – US aid to dictators? US not financially prepared to bankroll a global crusade against Communism, US should remain isolationist • Marshall Plan - $ to Western Europe

  10. Marshall plan • Rebuild Western Europe after WWII • 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall • $12.5 billion in US aid to any country that needed it • Food, machines, raw materials, etc • Congress approved the Marshall Plan immediately after Stalin took control of Czechoslovakia – USSR was denied aid • Later, countries following USSR were denied Marshall plan aid • Political & economic reasons for aid

  11. Berlin • West Berlin – democratic • East Berlin - Soviet • 1948 – Stalin decided to cut off all trains supplying West Berlin • President Harry Truman refused to let the Soviets take control of West Berlin

  12. Berlin Airlift • 462 days - 5,000 tons per day • 2.5 million tons of supplies – food, clothing, fuel • Major aviation & political achievement • Successful – W. Berlin remained free of Soviet control

  13. Berlin Wall • Constructed by East Germany after failure to cut off W. Berlin

  14. Berlin Wall • A long barrier between W Berlin & E Germany • Closed the border between East and West Berlin for a period of 28 years • Built to stop the drain of labor and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from East to West Berlin • It effectively decreased emigration (escapes - "Republikflucht" in German) from 2.5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5,000 between 1962 and 1989.

  15. Beginning conflicts of Cold War • Diplomatic hostility • Spying, propaganda, secrecy • Rival Alliance system • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • 10 Western European nations/US/Canada • Each nation agreed to help the other nations if any were attacked by USSR • Warsaw Pact • USSR viewed NATO as a threat • Developed its own alliance – USSR, E Germany, Poland, Czech, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania

  16. The Nuclear Threat • US already had atomic weapons • 1949 – Soviets tested their 1st bomb • 1952 - US then developed an even deadlier atomic bomb – the Hydrogen bomb • 1953 – USSR develops H-bomb • 1953 – Dwight D Eisenhower elected US president

  17. “brinkmanship” • US anti-communism policy – US was willing to go to “the brink” of war to defend against spread of communism • The Nuclear Race • The Space Race • Led by Soviets • 1957 Soviets developed a rocket that could travel long distance • Intercontinental ballistic missile – ICBM • Used powerful missile to propel a satellite into space

  18. THINK – PAIR SHARE • Think about the three US policies in regard to communism: • Containment • Truman Doctrine • Marshall Plan • Think about one of the above policies and share with a partner what you know

  19. Sputnik • Soviet satellite launched – 1957 • US felt like it had fallen behind the Communists • Result - more federal money spent on education, esp. science, math, foreign languages • Jan. 1958 – US launched its 1st satellite

  20. Launching of Sputnik I

  21. “open skies” Policy • Pres. Eisenhower declared policy to allow US & USSR to fly over each other’s territory to gather info & prevent surprise nuclear attacks • USSR rejected policy • CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) authorized secret high-altitude spy flights over USSR in U-2s

  22. “U-2 incident” • May 1960 – U-2 plane shot down by Soviets • pilot captured – 19 months in Soviet prison

  23. President Eisenhower 1953 “Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed….The cost of one modern heavy bomber is this: a modern brick school in more than 30 cities.”

  24. Give One Get Two • Think about the following Cold War incidents & write everything you know • Containment & Brinkmanship • Marshall Plan • the Space Race • Sputnik I • the U-2 incident • SHARE with 2 partner what you know about one of these

  25. The People’s Republic of China • Mao’s army – guerrilla warfare • Peasant army – inspired to fight for land • Oct 1949 – Mao gained control of China • Declared the People’s Republic of China • Chiang & Nationalists retreated to island of Taiwan

  26. Chiang and Mao

  27. US becomes even more anti-communist after Mao’s victory in China • China & USSR sign friendship treaty in 1950 • Rise in feelings that communism was trying to “take over the world”

  28. China expands • Mao sends Red Army to take control of Mongolia, Tibet • Mao’s goals: • Rebuild China into a great nation after Western imperialism (Opium War) and Japanese occupation since 1931 • Revamp economy • Redistribute land to peasants • Seized land from wealthy landowners – those who resisted were killed (1+ million)

  29. Collectivization • Mao forced peasant farmers to join collective farms • Industry – nationalized (state ownership) • 1953 – 5-year plan • High targets for industrial production • Successful • 1957 – output of coal, cement, electricity had doubled; steel quadrupled

  30. Women in Communist China • Gained equality in the home & workplace – men expected to do half the work at home • Free state child care for all families

  31. Great Leap Forward - 1958 • Larger collective farms • 25,000 people in each • Strictly controlled community – work in shifts • Ate in communal dining halls • Slept in communal dormitories • Children raised in communal nurseries • Owned nothing – no incentive to work hard since state only profited

  32. Great Leap Forward - FAILS • Crop failures between 1958-61 – famine killed 20 million • Poor planning • Inefficient factories • Program was discontinued in 1961

  33. THINK – PAIR SHARE • Think about the following developments in China after WWII • Collectivization • Great Leap Forward • Women in Communist China • Share with a partner what you know about one of the above

  34. China & USSR split • Competition to be world leader in Communism • Shared long border - many territorial disputes • 1960 – Soviets halted aid to China • Mao allowed other leaders to take charge • farm families allowed to live in separate housing – sell individual crops grown • Factory workers could compete for wage increases & bonuses

  35. Mao’s Cultural Revolution • Mao disagreed with new economic policies – undermined social equality among all Chinese people • Mao rallied high school and college students to start a “new revolution” – Cultural Revolution – change “four olds” • Old ideology Old thought • Old habits old customs • Students forced to leave school and join militias – Red Guards – carry out “revolution” in the cities & country side

  36. Equality vs. Sameness • US belief: equal value of all human beings & equal rights & opportunities • Cultural Revolution belief: everyone became “equal” by doing the same thing, having the same things, etc. Individual humans do not matter; instead the good of the community is most important.

  37. China & The West pg. 551 • Mao died 1976 • Zhou Enlai – premiere who tried to calm down the “Cultural Revolution” • 1971 – “ping-pong” diplomacy – Zhou invited US table tennis team to compete in China • 1971 – US allowed People’s Republic of China to join the United Nations • 1972 – President Nixon became 1st US President to visit China

  38. 1980s - Deng Xiaoping • Survivor of Long March • Also wanted to reform economy • “Four Modernizations” – agriculture, science, defense & technology • Collective farms were broken up & individual farmers were allowed to lease land - % of crop went to gov’t; remainder was sold for profit • Small businesses also allowed to operate

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