Age of Exploration

1. Age of Exploration

2. Europeans wanted to explore for: Glory God Gold

3. Glory • Exploration led to fame for the explorers and their sponsor country • Demand for new land and glory led to competition between countries

4. God • European Christians wanted to stop the spread of Islam and convert non-Christians to their faith • Europeans were encouraged to spread Christianity or bring missionaries who would focus on it

5. Gold • $$$ Money $$$ • The Crusades and Renaissance stimulated European desires for exotic Asian luxury goods

6. The Problem: • Trade was controlled predominantly by the Ottoman Empire (Muslim Turks/Arabs) and the Italians because of their great location on the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia • This caused goods to be very expensive

7. The solution: Europeans search for direct trade routes to the East Spain: Plan to sail west across Atlantic ocean Portugal: Plan to sail around Africa to India

8. New Technology in Navigation Astrolabe used stars to show direction Magnetic compass made sailing more accurate

9. New Technology in Navigation (cont’d) Cartographers made maps more accurately and used longitude & latitude

10. Caravels had triangular lateen sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind The caravel was a strong ship that could travel in the open seas & in shallow water A moveable rudder made the caravel more maneuverable Cannons & rifles gave ships protection

11. http://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/crossing-the-atlantic-then-and-now/http://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/crossing-the-atlantic-then-and-now/ How long would it take?

12. How long would it take? 2+ months 1 week 8 hours

13. Conquest of Latin America

14. The Europeans had fewer people, but were successful at conquest because of: • Guns (and better technology in general)

15. Germs (diseases like smallpox, measles, influenza)

16. Steel (strong swords and armor)

17. Horses (helps in battle and with travel)

18. Examples of success: • Aztecs: conquered by Cortes • Incas: conquered by Pizzaro Conquistadors: Spanish conquerors

19. Note: This is additional information that is not on your note sheet • Legend of Quetzalcoatl (pale skinned bearded God who promised to return from the East to the Aztecs)

20. Note: This is additional information that is not on your note sheet • Montezuma: Aztec Emperor who thought Cortez was Quetzalcoatl and paid him tribute.

21. Effects: • 95% natives died (mostly from disease but also from war and mistreatment)

22. Spain establishes colonies, and becomes wealthy and powerful

23. Note: This is additional information that is not on your note sheet • The land is split into two provinces: • New Spain (Mexico) • Peru

24. What can you infer the “Columbian Exchange” is?

25. Columbian Exchange • Exchange of plants, animals, technology, and disease between Europe and the Americas

26. Effect • Many migrate to the Americas • European, Native & African cultures all become part of Latin America Cultural Diffusion!!!

28. Mercantilism: The policy of establishing colonies to gain wealth through trade • Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country • Mercantilism produced a “favorable” balance of trade

30. Raw Materials Mother Country (Spain) Colony (New Spain) Cotton, Timber, Gold, Fur, Sugar, etc. Manufactured Goods Clothes, Furniture, etc.

32. Life in Latin America • A Viceroy, or official that ruled the colony in place of the King, ruled harshly over the new territories • The main product produced and sold in Latin America was sugar cane

33. Encomienda system: Spanish settlers are given land and natives • The Spanish are supposed to take care of the natives and Christianize them • In reality, the natives are treated like slaves

34. Social Hierarchy in Latin America

35. As a result of the encomienda system, many natives died of disease or mistreatment which led to a labor shortage

36. European Solution: • Import new slaves from Africa

37. Atlantic Slave Trade(aka: The Middle Passage) • Sugar plantations and tobacco farms required a large supply of workers to make them profitable • Most of the Native Americans that were used for labor had died (from brutal mistreatment or disease) • The Europeans looked to Africa for a new source of labor • Benefits: Africans had already been exposed to European diseases, had experience in farming and had little knowledge of the new land

38. The Middle Passage • The Atlantic Slave Trade was also know as the Middle Passage because it was the “middle leg” of the triangle trade

39. Effects of the Slave Trade on Africa • Encouraged wars and tension between neighboring peoples • Economic life suffered • The strong, healthy men and women were taken first which made it harder to plant and harvest for the community • Cultural diffusion: the ideas, beliefs and customs of the African peoples spread to other regions of the world.

40. In the 1500’s slaves are needed to replace the Natives in America who have died or ran away

41. Atlantic Slave Trade • Phase 1 • 1500-1750 • Slave raiding (2-3 Africans capture another 3-5 Africans and sell them to the Middle East and Asia)

42. Phase 2 • 1750-1900 • Whole tribes are given guns and money to capture other tribes to be shipped to the Americas

43. Negative effects • Whole tribes and their cultures are lost • The strong were captured first—Society suffers • Horrific mistreatment and brutal deaths of slaves

44. Agenda: • Please take out your vocabulary so that I may check it • Fill in your BINGO board with the vocab words (MIX THEM UP!!!) • BINGO! • Note: • Test Corrections are due TOMORROW • I will grade your essays this weekend • DO NOT WEAR A SKIRT OR DRESS TOMORROW!!!

45. Destinations of Slaves Brought to the Americas Europe/ Atlantic islands Other North America Spanish America Brazil Caribbean

46. Volume Year

47. Top Ten Reasons Slaves Died on the Middle Passage

48. 1. Length of the Trip

49. 2. Waiting on the Ships

50. 3. Traveling to and waiting in the African Forts