BODY SYSTEMS

1. BODY SYSTEMS A look into our anatomy

2. BODY ANATOMY POSITION BODY PLANES POSITION

3. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM The circulatory system is composed of the heart and blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. Our bodies actually have two circulatory systems: The pulmonary circulation is a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again, and the systemic circulation (the system we usually think of as our circulatory system) sends blood from the heart to all the other parts of our bodies and back again. The circulatory system works closely with other systems in our bodies. It supplies oxygen and nutrients to our bodies by working with the respiratory system. At the same time, the circulatory system helps carry waste and carbon dioxide out of the body. The Blood Flow Cycle - http://www.smm.org/heart/heart/circ.htm

4. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Blood . . . Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Made up of 4 components… Plasma . . . The liquid component of blood made up of water, sugar, fat, protein, and salts. Transports blood cells throughout your body along with nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers such as hormones, and proteins that help maintain the body's fluid balance. Platelets. . . Fragments of cells that help the blood clotting process. Red Blood Cells. . . Most abundant cell in the blood, accounting for about 40-45 percent of its volume. Can travel through the smallest vessels. Live up to about 120 days. White Blood Cells. . . Protect the body from infection. Much fewer in number than red blood cells, accounting for about 1 percent of your blood. Two types: T-CELLS attack cells (immune); B-CELLS create antibodies to fight off pathogens. Protein in blood, carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and then returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs so it can be exhaled. Blood appears red because of the large number of red blood cells, which get their color from the hemoglobin Hemoglobin. . .

5. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Pathogen. . . Bloodbornepathogens are transmitted when contaminated blood or body fluids enter the body of another person Blood Vessel. . . Transportsblood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins. Artery. . . Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They are the thickest blood vessels, with muscular walls that contract to keep the blood moving away from the heart and through the body. Oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the heart into the aorta. This huge artery curves up and back from the left ventricle, then heads down in front of the spinal column into the abdomen. Coronary. . . Two coronary arteries branch off at the beginning of the aorta and divide into a network of smaller arteries that provide oxygen and nourishment to the muscles of the heart. Pulmonary. . . Carries oxygen-poor blood. From the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery divides into right and left branches, on the way to the lungs where blood picks up oxygen. Vein. . . Capillary. . . Carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart. Enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues… Connect arteries and veins.

6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Artria. . . HEART. . . The upper part of the heart is made up of the other two chambers of the heart, the right and left atria. The right and left atria receive the blood entering the heart. A wall called the interatrial septum divides the right and left atria, which are separated from the ventricles by the atrioventricular valves. The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle, and the mitral valve separates the left atrium and the left ventricle The key organ in the circulatory system. As a hollow, muscular pump, its main function is to propel blood throughout the body. It beats from 60-100 /per minute. It beats about 100,000 times a day, more than 30 million times per year, and about 2.5 billion times in a 70-year lifetime. The heart has four chambers that are enclosed by thick, muscular walls that lie between the lungs and just to the left of the middle of the chest cavity. Ventricles. . . The bottom part of the heart is divided into two chambers called the right and left ventricles, which pump blood out of the heart. A wall called the interventricular septum divides the ventricles. http://youtu.be/JA0Wb3gc4mE largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it bifurcates into two smaller arteries (the common iliacs). The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation Aorta. . .

7. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM One complete heartbeat makes up a cardiac cycle, which consists of two phases: 1. SYSTOLE: the ventricles contract, sending blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulation. To prevent the flow of blood backwards into the atria during systole, the atrioventricular valves close, creating the first sound (the lub). When the ventricles finish contracting, the aortic and pulmonary valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles. This is what creates the second sound (the dub). 2. DIASTOLE: Then the ventricles relax (this is called diastole) and fill with blood from the atria. Heart Rate. . . How many times the heart beats in a unit of time, nearly always per minute. The number of contractions of the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles). Pulse. . . As the blood gushes through the artery from a heart beat, it creates a bulge in the artery. The rate at which the artery bulges can be measured by touching it with your fingers, as on the wrist or neck. Blood pressure. . . The force of blood against the walls of arteries. Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers—the systolic pressure (as the heart beats) over the diastolic pressure (as the heart relaxes between beats). The measurement is written one above or before the other, with the systolic number on top and the diastolic number on the bottom. For example, a blood pressure measurement of 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) is expressed verbally as "120 over 80." http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MG6ILGiNTvw&feature=relmfu

8. NERVOUS SYSTEM Think of thee BRAIN as a central computer that controls all the functions of your body… the nervous system is then like a network that relays messages back and forth from it to different parts of the body (via the spinal cord, which runs from the brain down through the back and contains threadlike nerves that branch out to every organ and body part). When a message comes into the brain from anywhere in the body, the brain tells the body how to react.

9. NERVOUS SYSTEM • CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies. (BRAIN & SPINAL CORD) • PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • Involves the spinal cord is a long bundle of nerve tissue about 18 inches long and ¾ inch thick. It extends from the lower part of the brain down through spine. Along the way, various nerves branch out to the entire body. (NERVES)

10. NERVOUS SYSTEM The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex. This structure is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance. Underneath the limbic system is the brain stem. This structure is responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. Consists of millions of nerve fibers which transmit electrical information to and from the limbs, trunk and organs of the body, back to and from the brain.

11. NERVOUS SYSTEM CELL BODY…Contains the information processing center and the nucleus of the neuron Dendrites bring information to the cell body Axonstake information away from the cell body NEURONS: specialized to carry "messages" through an electrochemical process. The human brain has approximately 100 billion neurons.

12. NERVOUS SYSTEM SENSORY NEURONS Nerve endings on one end of each neuron are encased in a special structure to sense a specific stimulus… (senses) MOTOR NEURONS Cells that directly or indirectly controls the contraction or relaxation of muscles. REFLEX ACTION DEEPER LEARNING: http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/brain_it.html STUDY GAME: http://anatomyarcade.com/games/matchingGames/MatchABrain/matchABrain.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlUPCNLSJIY&feature=player_embedded

13. IMMUNE SYSTEM Defends people against germs and microorganisms every day. Problems with the immune system can lead to illness and infection.

14. IMMUNE SYSTEM • LYMPH: a clear-ishliquid that bathes the cells with water and nutrients. Lymph is blood plasma -- the liquid that makes up blood minus the red and white cells. Each cell does not have its own private blood vessel feeding it, yet it has to get food, water, and oxygen to survive. Blood transfers these materials to the lymph through the capillary walls, and lymph carries it to the cells. • LYMPH NODE: contain filtering tissue and a large number of lymph cells. When fighting certain bacterial infections, the lymph nodes swell with bacteria and the cells fighting the bacteria, to the point where you can actually feel them. Swollen lymph nodes are therefore a good indication that you have an infection of some sort. • Once lymph has been filtered through the lymph nodes it re-enters the bloodstream

15. IMMUNE SYSTEM • IMMUNITY = biological term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. • THYMUS GLAND= The thymus gland is an organ in the upper chest cavity that processes lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that fights infections in the body. This organ is part of both the lymphatic system, which makes up a major part of the immune system. People who do not have this gland, or in whom it does not function correctly, usually have compromised immune systems and difficulty fighting disease. SPLEEN acts primarily as a blood filter

16. IMMUNE SYSTEM ANTIBODIES: Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses (antigens). Activity…IMMUNE SYSTEM CARTOON/VIDEO GAME • WHITE BLOOD CELLS…or “Lymphocytes” • T-Cells - The main job of T-cells is to fight infection. They directly attack and destroy infectious agents and also guard the body against infection. After they are produced in the bone marrow, these cells spend some time maturing and developing in an organ in the chest called the thymus (why they are named T-cells). After maturation, T-cells are present in the blood and in lymph nodes. • B-Cells - make antibodies against antigens

17. IMMUNE SYSTEM • ACTIVITY: Immune Defense Comic Strip • Write a cartoon or comic strip about immune cells and their enemies. Immune cells such as white blood cells are the body's defense system. This system fights bacteria and viruses. Create an army of defense cells. Use knowledge about how the defense system works and write a small story using cartoon figures to explain about how our body defends itself. The defense army can remember some enemies but not others and this makes a good plot for a cartoon. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdtgVepdC18

18. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM …the system of organs in the body responsible for the intake of oxygen and the expiration of carbon dioxide

19. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • MUCUS: Mucus acts as a protective blanket to prevent the tissue underneath from drying out. Mucus also acts as a sort of flypaper, trapping unwanted substances like bacteria and dust before they can get into the body. • It also contains antibodies that help the body recognize invaders like bacteria and viruses. • MUCUS MEMBRANE: a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ.

20. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flap of tissue that sits at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing. • EPIGLOTTIS: • TRACHEA: • CILIA: • BRONCHI: • LUNGS: • BRONCHIOLES: • ALVEOLI: A tube-like portion of the respiratory tract that connects the larynx with the bronchial parts of the lungs. Also known as windpipe. Tiny hairs that protect the nasal passageways and other parts of the respiratory tract, filtering out dust and other particles that enter the nose with the breathed air. Left and Right air tubes that connect the lungs. Make up one of the largest organs in your body and allow you to take in fresh air, get rid of stale air, and even talk. the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and even smaller tubes called bronchioles. Where the bronchioles end there are tiny air sacs called alveoliThis is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

21. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM When you sneeze, particles fly out of your nose at approximately 100mph. A sneeze is the body’s way of getting rid of something that’s irritating the nose. Your nose senses a tickle and the sneeze center in your brain responds by coordinating muscles in your belly, chest, and diaphragm to sneeze out the irritant. HOW FAST IS A SNEEZE?

22. SKELETAL SYSTEM Provide support for our bodily structure. The skeleton functions not only as the support for the body but also the manufacture of blood cells which takes place in bone marrow. It is also necessary for protection of vital organs and is needed by the muscles for movement.

23. SKELETAL SYSTEM The body has 206 bones! • BONES: Compound http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/bones_it.html • Up to 90% of peak bone mass is acquired by age 18 in girls and age 20 in boys. • During the teen years, almost half of the adult skeleton is formed, yet less than half of all teens get enough calcium every day. • For teenage girls it is even worse with only 15% getting enough calcium. Females are four times more likely than males to develop osteoporosis. After puberty, boys tend to acquire greater bone mass than girls. • PERIOSTEUM: contains nerves and blood vessels that help nourish bone tissue (thin but dense) • BONE MARROW: soft bone found inside of bones. Makes most of the red and white blood cells. • CARTILAGE: a flexible, rubbery substance in our joints, supports bones and protects them where they rub against each other. • LIGAMENT: Bones are fastened to other bones by long, fibrous straps called ligaments. • JOINT: occur where two bones meet. They make the skeleton flexible — without them, movement would be impossible. http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/muscles_it.html

24. SKELETAL SYSTEM Fibrous joints:held together by only a ligament. Examples are where the teeth are held to their bony sockets and at both the radioulnar and tibiofibular joints. Cartilagenous:occur where the connection between the articulating bones is made up of cartilage for example between vertebrae in the spine. SYNOVIAL JOINTS: have a synovial capsule surrounding the entire joint, a synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid (a lubricating liquid) and cartilage which pads the ends of the articulating bones JOINTS!

25. SKELETAL SYSTEM http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/6830-human-body-bone-strength-video.htm When a bone breaks, the supply of blood and minerals which keep it healthy is temporarily cut off, making it very important that the bone be "set" in its normal position.Oncethe bone is set, it can begin to produce new blood cells and tissue that will rebuild or "knit" the broken ends back in place. Casting or splinting a broken bone will help keep the bone aligned so it can heal properly. As we get older, the bones may become porous or brittle, making them more prone to breaking. When this happens, it takes a longer time for them to heal because they are less dense or sturdy than when the body was younger. It is important to stay active throughout one's life so as to avoid weakening of the bones. Eating foods high in calcium such as dark leafy greens and dairy products can help keep bones healthy even as we age.

26. MUSCULAR SYSTEM http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?lic=1&article_set=59302&cat_id=20607 The human body contains over 600 muscles VOLUNTARY MUSCLES you have the ability to consciously control, like your arms, legs, face muscles etc INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES muscles that you can't consciously control. They control themselves without a chosen stimulus. Examples: heart muscle, intestines, etc… smooth tissue muscle and Cardiac muscle Involve skeletal

27. MUSCULAR SYSTEM SMOOTH MUSCLE found in places like your digestive system, blood vessels, bladder, airways. Smooth muscle has the ability to stretch and maintain tension for long periods of timeand contracts involuntarily SKELETAL MUSCLE type of muscle that we can see and feel. When a body builder works out to increase muscle mass, skeletal muscle is what is being exercised. Skeletal muscles attach to the skeleton and come in pairs -- one muscle to move the bone in one direction and another to move it back the other way. These muscles usually contract voluntarily. CARDIAC MUSCLE Twitch muscle found only in your heart, and its big features are endurance and consistency. TENDON tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension. HUMAN BODY QUIZ: http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/parts/human-body-quiz.htm

28. MUSCULAR SYSTEM • It All Starts in the Brain • Some muscles, like the muscles in your heart and digestive system, are involuntary. They work by themselves without you consciously telling them to do anything. Other muscles are voluntary, meaning you order them to move. Both types of muscles are commanded by the brain. The brain sends an electric signal down a series of nerve cells ordering muscles to contract. This is done automatically by your brain with involuntary muscles and manually by your brain with voluntary muscles. • Muscle Filaments • Muscles are made up of thick and thin muscle filaments. Thick muscle filaments are composed of myosin protein molecules stacked in a cylinder shape. Thin muscle filaments are made of actin protein resembling a pair of twisting pearl necklaces. Both thick and thin muscle filaments are required for muscle contraction. • The Muscle Trigger • There are grooves in the thin muscle filaments that allow them to move alongside the thick muscle filaments. In these grooves are a pair of proteins called tropomyosin and troponin. They are molecular switches essential to muscle contraction. Calcium ions are released to trigger the movement and the proteins help the thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments work together. • Muscle Contraction • When a muscle contracts, the thick myosin filaments seize the thin actin filaments creating a "crossbridge" pattern. The thick myosin filaments pull the thin actin filaments by them like trains passing each other on parallel tracks. These filaments are encased in tube like structures called sarcomeres. The sarcomeres get shorter as the thick and thin muscle filaments slide by each other. • Opposing Muscles • The only thing an individual muscle can do is contract in a single direction. In a joint, there are opposing muscles that contract in opposing directions so you can move in a range of motion. For example, your biceps bend your arm at the elbow and your triceps straighten your arm. One group of muscles contracts while the opposing muscle group relaxes. • Coordinated Muscles • A human being has hundreds of muscles in every region of the body. All of these muscles must coordinate with each other to move a person effectively. A simple task like smiling, throwing a ball or standing up from a chair involves dozens of muscles contracting and relaxing with different amounts of force simultaneously. This is a learned process that the human body figures out with experience.

29. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Network of glands that secrete different types of hormones that are instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism, as well as sexual function and reproductive processes.

30. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Hormone: • Chemicals created by the body that control numerous bodily functions. • Pituitary Gland: • Master manipulator of the endocrine system. Pea sized organ that sits above the spine and beneath the brain. • Thyroid Gland • Bowtie-shaped gland that straddles the trachea and produces the hormones that regulate metabolism. • Thyroxin • principal hormone that promotes protein synthesis (blending) and growth, and also helps regulate metabolism. • Metabolism • The rate at which your body turns food into energy.

31. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Parathyroid Gland • Humans typically have four, which are located on the rear surface of the thyroid gland. Controls the amount of calcium in the blood and bones. • Pancreas • Located between the kidneys. Secretes vital juices for the digestive system that produces hormones that maintain our blood sugar levels • Insulin • Hormone released by the pancreas that regulates sugar use in the body. (DIABETES) • Adrenal Glands • Twin triangular organs positioned atop each kidney. Maintains levels of saline in tissues. Also fuels the body’s response to stress. • Adrenaline • Biological super-fuel (hormone) that accelerates Heart Rate and Blood Pressure into a fight or flight state.

32. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DRAW IT! Makes up the assembly (or disassembly) line that works through stages to breakdown food and turn it into energy or into waste.

33. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MOUTH: Where mechanical and chemical digestion take place. Teeth mash and grind the food up while enzymes in the saliva dissolve and simplify starches. While the tongue moves and manipulates the food. SALIVARY GLANDS: Found in the mouth and throat. Are triggered for multiple reasons.Produce SALIVA SALIVA: Lubricates, buffers to neutralize acidic foods, has antibacterial agents, and converts starch to maltose DIGESTION WATCH THE PROCESS

34. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • ESOPHAGUS • Food passes through this 10 inch long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. • PERISTALSIS • Involuntary muscle contraction that initiates digestion. A small ring of muscle relaxes allowing the food to fall while another contracts behind it to push it along. • STOMACH • Where chemical digestion occurs. Here acids that decompose and breakdown food are extremely strong and caustic. Little food substance is absorbed here (water, alcohol & some drugs) where they enter the bloodstream.

35. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • SMALL INTESTINE • Chemical digestion continues. Main specialty = absorb nutrients. • Villi • Allow the SI to absorb the nutrients through small tube-like projections in the walls. • ENZYME • Biological molecules that catalyze (or increase the rates of) chemical reactions • LIVER • Produces an alkaline substance (BILE) that breaks down fats and helps aid in digestion. Has two lobes located just below the heart on the right of the abdomen. Creates filters and stores key substances

36. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SO…. What is your #2 telling you? • PANCREAS • Transforms large proteins into amino acids, CHO, fats, fatty acids, sugars, etc.. • LARGE INTESTINE • Responsible for ridding the body of waste. Connected directly to the colon – pushes food waste and fiber out of the body. • RECTUM • Stores waste until it is ready to be passed • ANUS • Exit point for food waste matter

37. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FACTS ABOUT THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • From mouth to anus, the digestive system is about 5-6x your height • Time need for food to travel through the tract is approximately 36 hours • Average of daily secretion of digestive bodily fluids = approx. 3 gallons of chemicals • WHAT IS A STOMACH GROWL? • About two hours after your stomach empties itself, it begins to produce hormones that stimulate local nerves to send a message to the brain. The brain replies by signaling for the digestive muscles to restart the process of peristalsis. Two results occur: First, the contractions sweep up any remaining food that was missed the first time around. Second, the vibrations of an empty stomach make you hungry. Muscle contractions will come and go about every hour, generally lasting 10 to 20 minutes, until you eat again

38. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM