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Chapter 14: Taxonomy

Chapter 14: Taxonomy. The Naming of Organisms. What is taxonomy?. The study of how living things are classified. Why is classification important?. It’s a way to “keep track” of the natural world and how things relate to one another. Plants Animals Protists Fungi Bacteria.

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Chapter 14: Taxonomy

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  1. Chapter 14: Taxonomy The Naming of Organisms

  2. What is taxonomy? • The study of how living things are classified.

  3. Why is classification important? • It’s a way to “keep track” of the natural world and how things relate to one another.

  4. Plants Animals Protists Fungi Bacteria +900,000 species +2,000,000 species 60,000 species 7,000 species 12,000 species Many, many organisms exist!

  5. Other reasons why classification is important. • Easier to study when organisms are grouped. • Grouping is based on features in common! • Organization is important in everyday life

  6. Who developed the current system of classification? • Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century (mid 1700’s) • Swedish botanist – gave each organism a 2 part name. Homo sapiens

  7. Modern system of classification is based on seven levels: • Kingdom – largest and most general • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species/Trivial – smallest and most specific

  8. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primata Hominidae Homo sapien Modern system of classification is based on seven levels:

  9. Kingdom – The largest; there are 6 kingdoms! • Plant - Plantae • Animal – Animalia • Fungi • Protist – Protista – plant-like animals • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria

  10. Archaebacteria Kingdom • Prokaryotes – ancient • One-celled: unicellular • No nucleus! • Have cell walls that lack peptidoglycans.

  11. Archaebacteria Kingdom • Live in extreme environments – volcanic hot springs, brine pools and black organic mud that lacks O2. • Thermophiles – prefer heat • Halophiles – thrive in salty ponds • Methanogens – are anaerobic – live in areas w/o O2.

  12. Kingdom Eubacteria • Prokayotes • Have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan • True bacteria (blue-green algae); E. coli

  13. Protist Kingdom • Eukaryotes • Most are unicellular (few multicellular) • Nucleus • Some synthesize food (have chlorophyll, no chloroplast) • Examples: Ameobas, Paramecium, Euglenas

  14. Fungi Kingdom • Eukaryotes • Most multicellular (few single) • Cell walls made of chitin • No chlorophyll (absorb food) • Examples: Yeast, molds, and mushrooms

  15. Plant Kingdom • Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Has chloroplasts (autotrophic) • Cell walls w/ chloroplasts made of cellulose • Examples: Oak tree, daisy, rose

  16. Animal Kingdom • Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Can’t make food (heterotrophic) • No cell walls • Examples: man, horse, pig, insect, etc

  17. Latin!!!! • Latin is the primary language used in the classification system because: • Universal language • No country speaks Latin • Prevents colloquialisms (backyard names) • Names are never duplicated • Names show systematic relationship to other organisms

  18. Colloquialism • Same animal, different name • Example: Felis concolor = Panther, Mountain Lion, Mountain Screamer, Devil Cat, Varmint, Brown Tiger, Red Tiger, Silver Cat, Demon Cat, Nittany Lion • Interesting Fact: The Pittsburgh Panther and the Penn State Nittany Lion are really the same animal!!

  19. How do we name organisms? • Using a Binomial System = Two word naming system. • Involves using the genus name and the species/trivial name. (Always underlined or in italics!)

  20. Rules for Naming • Genus species Noun Adjective Capitalized Lowercase

  21. Man Lion Cat Dog Housefly Homo sapiens Felis leo Felis domestica Canis familiaris Musca domestica Scientific names of common animals

  22. What is the basis for classification? • Structure • Genetics • Embryology

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