Classification of Living Things

1. Classification of Living Things

2. Take the pieces and group them into the following categories: Cell Type (prokaryote/eukaryote) Cell Structure # of Cells Mode of Nutrition (autotroph/heterotroph) Examples

3. Non-Science Example of Classification • The item in this picture is • Automobile: • Truck, Car, or SUV? Car • Made by? Ford • Type of Ford car? Mustang -Was made in what year? 2002 -Is it Convertible? No -Color? Silver

4. Classification: Goes from General to Specific Automobile – Biggest • Car • Ford • Mustang • 2002 -Non Convertible -Silver - Specific

5. Classification • Classify – to group things together based on similarities • Why Classify? • To make organisms easier to identify • To make organisms easier to compare • How do we classify? • Compare Traits – features or characteristics of an organisms

6. Little Known Fact: • There are over ___1.5 Million_____; and more are discovered each year. • What do we classify? Somewhere between 2 and 100 million have yet to be discovered. • Classification serves as an organization system for all the existing and new organisms • The Science of Classification is called Taxonomy

7. Early Classification – Aristotle 384-322 B.C. • 2 Groups: Plants and Animals • Plants – Green, Non Mobile • Animals – Not Green, Mobile

8. How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal system? Praying Mantis Green but.. Mobile Aristotle’s Grouping of life not specific enough

9. Tools Used to Classify Organisms 1. Comparative Anatomy • Compares Physical Structures, Traits 2.Biochemistry – DNA and RNA 3. Embryology – Developing Embryos 4.Molecular Basis – Cellular Structure 5. Phylogeny • Related Organisms with common ancestors, Derived Characters

10. Linnaeus Divisions Still Used in Modern Classification 1. Kingdom – largest group 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species (Most Closely Related)

11. Mnemonic Device – To help remember categories and order Kingdom - King Phylum - Phillip Class – Came Order – Over Family - From Genus - Great Species - Spain

12. Taxons • Within each category, a particular group is called a Taxon • Many Taxons for each category • Ex: Mammalia is the Taxon for the Class category in Humans • Ex: Homo is the Taxon for the Genus category in Humans • Carnivora is the Taxon for the Order category in Lions

13. Linnaeus Introduced Scientific Naming • Binomial Nomenclature is the 2 word scientific name of an organism • Uses Genus and Species • Genus is capitalized, not species, all italicized • In writing the name, can’t italicize, so underline • Homo sapien (Genus and species of Human) • Panthera leo (Genus and species of Lion) • Used Latin – • Felis concolor or Felis concolor

14. Example Classification • Lion • 1. Kingdom – Animalia (all Animals) 2.Phylum – Chordata (All vertebrate animals) • 3. Class – Mammalia (All Mammals – mammary glands) 4. Order – Carnivora (Meat eaters) 5. Family – Felidae (includes all Cats) 6. Genus – Panthera (Includes all roaring Cats) 7. Species – leo (Lions)

15. From Kingdom to Species

16. Three Domain System Classification

17. Domain Archaea Corresponds to Kingdom Archaebacteria • Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) • Heterotrophs and Autotroph • Cells Walls without peptidogylcan • Live in Extreme environments like those of early Earth ex. Volcanic Hot Springs…..some even live in your gut

18. Fungi Coral – It can move

19. Fungi - Mushrooms All in the same domain as us!

20. 3 Domains contain 6 Kingdoms Classification

21. Which is the most primitive?

22. Three Domain System • Bacteria – Common Bacteria • Archaea – Ancient Bacteria • Eukarya – Includes everything else, Protist, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

23. 5 Kingdoms turns into 6 Monera is now Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria Just another example of changes in science

24. Domain Bacteria Corresponds to Eubacteria Kingdom • Unicellular Prokaryotic (No Nucleus) • Ecologically Diverse – live everywhere! • Cell Walls contain substance called Peptidoglycan – special protein and sugar • Autotroph and Heterotrophs • Target of many Antibiotics ex. Strep Throat and Food Poisoning • Not all bad….used to turn grapes into wine • Ex. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae

25. Domain Archaeabacteria • Domain Archaea • Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) • Heterotrophs and Autotroph • Cells Walls without peptidogylcan • Live in Extreme environments like those of early Earth ex. Volcanic Hot Springs….. some even live in your gut

26. Summary of Bacteria • All Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) • Heterotrophs or Autotrophs • What is the big difference? Cell Wall – Does it have Peptidoglycan? Archaebacteria Bacteria – With Peptidoglycan Archaea – Without Peptidoglycan

27. Domain Eukarya Contains Multiple Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia • Eukaryotic – Has a nucleus • Single or multi-cellular • Most visible life • Humans are in Domain Eukarya Diatom

28. Kingdom Protista • Domain Eukarya • Eukaryotic • Majority are unicellular, but some are colonial or multicellular. • Heterotrophs and autotrophs • May or may not have a cell wall • Extreme diversity! Can be plant like or animal like. • Examples: Algae, Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Volvox, Slime Mold, giant kelp

29. Kingdom Fungi • Domain Eukarya • Eukaryotic; cell walls of chitin. • Majority multicellular; few unicellular. • Heterotrophs; feed on dead or decaying • organic matter. (_Decomposer_) • Examples: Mushrooms, yeast, bread mold. Bread Mold

30. Kingdom Plantae • Domain Eukarya • Eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls of cellulose. • Autotrophs; photosynthesis  chloroplast. • Examples: Mosses, ferns, flowering plants, cacti.

31. Kingdom Animalia • Domain Eukarya • Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls. • Heterotrophs • Examples: Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals, reptiles. • Extreme diversity is found in this kingdom

33. 6 Kingdom System Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia