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Classification of Living Things. Take the pieces and group them into the following categories:. Cell Type (prokaryote/eukaryote) Cell Structure # of Cells Mode of Nutrition ( autotroph / heterotroph ) Examples. Non-Science Example of Classification. The item in this picture is Automobile:
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Take the pieces and group them into the following categories: Cell Type (prokaryote/eukaryote) Cell Structure # of Cells Mode of Nutrition (autotroph/heterotroph) Examples
Non-Science Example of Classification • The item in this picture is • Automobile: • Truck, Car, or SUV? Car • Made by? Ford • Type of Ford car? Mustang -Was made in what year? 2002 -Is it Convertible? No -Color? Silver
Classification: Goes from General to Specific Automobile – Biggest • Car • Ford • Mustang • 2002 -Non Convertible -Silver - Specific
Classification • Classify – to group things together based on similarities • Why Classify? • To make organisms easier to identify • To make organisms easier to compare • How do we classify? • Compare Traits – features or characteristics of an organisms
Little Known Fact: • There are over ___1.5 Million_____; and more are discovered each year. • What do we classify? Somewhere between 2 and 100 million have yet to be discovered. • Classification serves as an organization system for all the existing and new organisms • The Science of Classification is called Taxonomy
Early Classification – Aristotle 384-322 B.C. • 2 Groups: Plants and Animals • Plants – Green, Non Mobile • Animals – Not Green, Mobile
How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal system? Praying Mantis Green but.. Mobile Aristotle’s Grouping of life not specific enough
Tools Used to Classify Organisms 1. Comparative Anatomy • Compares Physical Structures, Traits 2.Biochemistry – DNA and RNA 3. Embryology – Developing Embryos 4.Molecular Basis – Cellular Structure 5. Phylogeny • Related Organisms with common ancestors, Derived Characters
Linnaeus Divisions Still Used in Modern Classification 1. Kingdom – largest group 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species (Most Closely Related)
Mnemonic Device – To help remember categories and order Kingdom - King Phylum - Phillip Class – Came Order – Over Family - From Genus - Great Species - Spain
Taxons • Within each category, a particular group is called a Taxon • Many Taxons for each category • Ex: Mammalia is the Taxon for the Class category in Humans • Ex: Homo is the Taxon for the Genus category in Humans • Carnivora is the Taxon for the Order category in Lions
Linnaeus Introduced Scientific Naming • Binomial Nomenclature is the 2 word scientific name of an organism • Uses Genus and Species • Genus is capitalized, not species, all italicized • In writing the name, can’t italicize, so underline • Homo sapien (Genus and species of Human) • Panthera leo (Genus and species of Lion) • Used Latin – • Felis concolor or Felis concolor
Example Classification • Lion • 1. Kingdom – Animalia (all Animals) 2.Phylum – Chordata (All vertebrate animals) • 3. Class – Mammalia (All Mammals – mammary glands) 4. Order – Carnivora (Meat eaters) 5. Family – Felidae (includes all Cats) 6. Genus – Panthera (Includes all roaring Cats) 7. Species – leo (Lions)
Three Domain System Classification
Domain Archaea Corresponds to Kingdom Archaebacteria • Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) • Heterotrophs and Autotroph • Cells Walls without peptidogylcan • Live in Extreme environments like those of early Earth ex. Volcanic Hot Springs…..some even live in your gut
Fungi - Mushrooms All in the same domain as us!
3 Domains contain 6 Kingdoms Classification
Three Domain System • Bacteria – Common Bacteria • Archaea – Ancient Bacteria • Eukarya – Includes everything else, Protist, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
5 Kingdoms turns into 6 Monera is now Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria Just another example of changes in science
Domain Bacteria Corresponds to Eubacteria Kingdom • Unicellular Prokaryotic (No Nucleus) • Ecologically Diverse – live everywhere! • Cell Walls contain substance called Peptidoglycan – special protein and sugar • Autotroph and Heterotrophs • Target of many Antibiotics ex. Strep Throat and Food Poisoning • Not all bad….used to turn grapes into wine • Ex. Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae
Domain Archaeabacteria • Domain Archaea • Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) • Heterotrophs and Autotroph • Cells Walls without peptidogylcan • Live in Extreme environments like those of early Earth ex. Volcanic Hot Springs….. some even live in your gut
Summary of Bacteria • All Unicellular Prokaryotes (No Nucleus) • Heterotrophs or Autotrophs • What is the big difference? Cell Wall – Does it have Peptidoglycan? Archaebacteria Bacteria – With Peptidoglycan Archaea – Without Peptidoglycan
Domain Eukarya Contains Multiple Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia • Eukaryotic – Has a nucleus • Single or multi-cellular • Most visible life • Humans are in Domain Eukarya Diatom
Kingdom Protista • Domain Eukarya • Eukaryotic • Majority are unicellular, but some are colonial or multicellular. • Heterotrophs and autotrophs • May or may not have a cell wall • Extreme diversity! Can be plant like or animal like. • Examples: Algae, Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Volvox, Slime Mold, giant kelp
Kingdom Fungi • Domain Eukarya • Eukaryotic; cell walls of chitin. • Majority multicellular; few unicellular. • Heterotrophs; feed on dead or decaying • organic matter. (_Decomposer_) • Examples: Mushrooms, yeast, bread mold. Bread Mold
Kingdom Plantae • Domain Eukarya • Eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls of cellulose. • Autotrophs; photosynthesis chloroplast. • Examples: Mosses, ferns, flowering plants, cacti.
Kingdom Animalia • Domain Eukarya • Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls. • Heterotrophs • Examples: Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals, reptiles. • Extreme diversity is found in this kingdom
6 Kingdom System Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia