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Chapter 29: Revolutions

China and India. Chapter 29: Revolutions . Toward Revolution Fall of Qing - 1911: Revolutionary Alliance (forerunner of Kuomintang) overthrew the last emperor of the Qing dynasty. - Fighting among groups for power Yuan Shikai -Warlords form cliques

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Chapter 29: Revolutions

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  1. China and India

    Chapter 29: Revolutions

  2. Toward Revolution Fall of Qing -1911: Revolutionary Alliance (forerunner of Kuomintang) overthrew the last emperor of the Qing dynasty. -Fighting among groups for power Yuan Shikai -Warlords form cliques -Leader of powerful clique in Northern China Sun Yat-Sen -Leader of Kuomintang (Guomindang) -The Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) pushed for modernization and nationalization
  3. 1912:Sun became president of the Republic of China -“Three Principles of the People” (Nationalism, democracy, economic security) -Sun resigns presidency to General Yuan Shikai -Shikaibetrays democratic ideals -Local revolts break out 1916:Civil war 1917: Enter WWI on side of Allies -Allies gave Chinese territories to Japan 3,000 angry students gather in Beijing May 4, 1919 May Fourth Movement
  4. May Fourth Movement -Transform China into liberal democracy -Reforms would be meaningless in a China controlled by warlords Sun Yat-senand Kuomintang share aims of the movement Many realized need to do something more radical -Serious attention given to Soviet communism -Li Dazhao: Intellectual that called for a reworking of Marxist ideology to fit China (Focus on peasants, not workers) 1921: Chinese Communist Party founded Continued
  5. Students in Beijing rallied during the May Fourth Movement
  6. The kuomintang seizes power Sun Yat-sen -Disillusioned with Western democracies -Allies with the Communist Party Lenin sent military advisors/equipment to China in 1923 -1924: Whampoa Military Academy Sun Yixian died in 1925 -Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) heads the Kuomintang (Feared communism; promised democracy but became corrupt) -Peasants gave support to Chinese Communist Party.
  7. 1930: Bloody civil war -Mao and Communists in south-central China -Recruited peasants into Red Army and trained them in guerilla warfare Nationalists attacked communists -1933: Nationalists surround Communists -Long March: 6,000 mile journey to safety in north -Solidified Mao’s leadership and attracted new followers Mao and the Peasant Option
  8. Japan took advantage of China’s weakened situation -Invaded Manchuria 1937: Japan launched all-out invasion of China - “Rape of Nanking” Japanese invasion forced uneasy truce between the Jiang’s and Mao’s forces -Unite to fight Japanese Japan Invades
  9. Nationalist Groups: -Indian National Congress & Muslim League B.G. Tilak -Traditional, pro-Hindu nationalist leader -British exile to Burma for radical ideas British promised reforms in return for service during WWI -Modest reforms, but refuse to honor war-time promises -Local protests Rowlett Act (1919): Jail protestors without trial for up to two years India: nationalist challenge to britain
  10. Amritsar Massacre 1919: Hindus and Muslims flocked to Amritsar for peaceful protest -British banned public meetings -The British commander ordered troops to fire on crowd Amritsar Massacre changed millions into nationalists Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer nicknamed “The Butcher of Amritsar” was the commander responsible for ordering the firing on civilians, including women children.
  11. Gandhi and Nonviolence Mohandas K. Gandhi emerged as independence movement -Deeply religious approach to politics -Noncooperation: Gandhi urges Indian National Congress to follow this policy 1920: Congress Party endorsed civil disobedience-deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law Gandhi launched this campaign to weaken British authority and economic power
  12. Gandhi asks Indians to refuse to buy British goods, attend government schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections Staged boycott of British cloth -Urged all Indians to weave their own cloth (Homespun movement) -Sale of British cloth in India dropped sharply. Civil disobedience took economic toll on the British 1920: British arrest thousands who took part in strikes and demonstrations -Protests led to violence Boycotts, Strikes, & Demonstrations
  13. The Salt March 1930: Gandhi organized the Salt March to protest Salt Acts -Indians could only buy salt from the government (Taxed) -Gandhi and followers marched to the sea where the people made their own salt Demonstrators marched to salt processing plant -Met with violence 60,000 people, including Gandhi, were arrested
  14. 1935: British Parliament passed the Government of India Act: -Local self-government -Granted limited democratic elections -Limits: It did not grant total independence The Government of India Act fueled tensions between Muslims and Hindus. -Two groups had different visions for independence -Indian Muslims feared being outnumbered by Indian Hindus Britain Grants Limited Self-Rule
  15. Nationalism in Southwest Asia Breakup of Ottoman Empire Growing Western political and economic interest -Spurred the rise of nationalism Turkey kept its homelands 1919: Greek soldiers invade Turkey 1922: Mustafa Kemal, a nationalist leader -Successfully fought back Greeks and British -After winning, overthrew the last Ottoman sultan
  16. 1923: Kemal became president of the Republic of Turkey and ushered in reforms -Separated laws of Islam from the laws of the nation -Abolished religious courts and created a new legal system -Granted women the right to vote -Launched government funded programs to industrialize Turkey Kemal died in 1938 -Left a legacy of a new national identity Turkey Becomes a Republic
  17. Mandates Britain and France occupy Middle East after WWI -Made the Middle East mandates (Govt’s entrusted to European nations) -Britain promised Palestine to Jewish Zionists and Arabs(Balfour Declaration) -Promoted Jewish emigration -Sense of betrayal felt by Arabs Zionism -Est. Jewish homeland in Palestine -Led by Theodor Herzl
  18. Persia Becomes Iran Reza Shah Pahlavi seized power in 1921, and in 1925 deposed the ruling shah. He set out to modernize the country established public schools built roads and railroads promoted industrial growth extended women’s rights He kept all power in his own hands He changed the name of the country from Persia to Iran
  19. Saudi Arabia Keeps Islamic Traditions In 1902, Abd al-AzisIbn Saud began a successful campaign to unify Arabia In 1932 the new kingdom was called Saudi Arabia Ibn Saud carried on Arab and Islamic traditions. Loyalty was based on custom, religion, and family ties Ibn Saud brought modern technology to the country, but limited to what was religiously acceptable. No democracy was practiced
  20. Egypt Lord Cromer -Dominate government -Oversaw sweeping reforms -Bureaucracy, irrigation, public works -Ayan receive most benefits from British Resistance -Middle class -Sons of effendi (Prosperous business families) Growing nationalism -Dinshawai Incident (1906) -Villagers mob British officers after local woman shot -Harsh reprisals (Hanging, beaten, hard labor)
  21. Continued Discontent and nationalism -Denied to travel to Versailles for treaty negotiations -Student-led riots result -Wafd Party emerges -Years of negotiations between Britain and Egypt British withdraw in stages -Khedival regime preserved -Party factions fight for power -Could not give peasantry needed reforms
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