Chapter 16 World Revolutions

1. Chapter 16 World Revolutions Latin America Africa India China Japan

2. Maps – Central/South America RequiredExtra Credit ArgentinaBelize Brazil Bolivia ChileCosta Rico ColombiaEl Salvador Ecuador Guyana Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela P. 730

3. Intro Activity * Read pages 420-423. • Use that information to create and fill in a diagram like the one below

4. Section Outline • Mexico/South Africa • Reasons for Conflict • Reforms • Nationalism • “Good Neighbor Policy” • Turkey/Iran • Events that led to independence • Arab Nationalism • What was it?

5. Latin America • The Mexican Revolution • Wealth benefitted wealthy landowners, business people and foreign investors • Most Mexicans lived in desperate poverty with no hope of a better life • Various leaders purported to speak for the poor in Mexico • Fighting flared, up to a million died • Carranza finally emerged and called for reforms • 1917 Constitution addressed 3 major issues: LAND, RELIGION, LABOR • Nationalization: Big landowners had lands taken from them • Church land became “property of the nation” • Minimum wage set and right to strike protected • Education: schools used to teach the masses and to instill the ideas of nationalism • Mexico becomes the first Latin American state to make reforms

6. Latin America • Rising Tide of NATIONALISM • Economic Nationalism • After WWI, trade fell off with Europe • After Great Depression, trade fell of with America • Demand for products, prices fell sharply • Economic Nationalism: emphasis on domestic control of the economy • Countries developed their own economies • Cultural Nationalism: Pride in own’s own culture • Europe had long influences the arts, music, culture where they were • A revival of interest in native culture arose • Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siquerios • Portrayed life in Latin America • Good Neighbor Policy • US investment soared during and after WWI • Protected US interests, not what was best for each country • Many US actions stirred up “Anti-American” feelings • FDR’s “Good Neighbor Policy” saw withdrawal of US troops and lifted the “Platt Amendment” which authorized US intervention in L.A. countries

7. Maps: The World RequiredExtra Afghanistan IranColombia AustraliaIsraelCuba BrazilItalyEgypt CanadaJapan Haiti ChinaMexicoIraq Congo New ZealandIreland EnglandRussiaNorth Korea FranceSaudi Arabia Pakistan Germany Uganda Panama IndiaUnited StatesVietnam

9. Assignment • As a group, create an answer to the question you have been assigned • Each group member needs to write down the answer the group came up with • THEN • Get together with the other A’s or B’s (questions 1-4) and share your answers • Read your question, explain your answer • Each person needs to write down IN THEIR OWN WORDS the answer from the other groups

10. Quick Intro Questionsp. 424-428 1? How did Africans resist colonial rule? 2? What signs of nationalism developed in Africa? 3?How did Turkey and Iran modernize? 4? How did European mandates contribute to the growth of Arab nationalism?

11. Africa • Resistance to Colonial Rule: Laws favored white settlers and discriminated against the native peoples. This caused much resentment • Resistance • Squatters • Labor Unions • Socialism/Communism followers among the most educated • Protests • Large Scale Resistance rare, but protests common • Kenya: protested forced labor, ID card, heavy taxes • Women’s War – West Africa uprising • Racial Segregation/South Africa • Apartheid in South Africa: a system of racial segregation in jobs, housing, education, black rights • African National Conference (ANC) – a resistance group that fought against Apartheid

12. Africa • Rise of Nationalism: Unity of Africans, pushed for African rule of Africa • Pan-African Congress: Led by W.E.B. DuBois, pushed for the rights of Africans around the world. Never really accomplished its goals, but united African leaders • Negritude: Self-confidence and determination awoken in Africans around the world. Pride in African heritage was the centerpiece of this movement • Egyptian Independence: Only country to really stand up and gain their independence was Egypt. Forced to supply British troops during WWI, protests launched against the British. After WWI, England granted independence to Egypt though troops remained to guard the Suez Canal and backed the new king • MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD: 1930’s – fostered broad Islamic nationalism that rejected western culture and denounced the corrupt Egyptian government

13. Reading Assignment – p 429-431 • Read the questions below BEFORE reading • What sparked the Indian independence movement after WWI? • How did Gandhi influence the independence movement? • What did the Salt March symbolize? • Read p. 429-431 • Pair and Share • Partner up and discuss the questions • 1 person answer 1st question • Other person answer 2nd question • 3rd question – work together to answer

14. India • Amritsar Massacre: 379 killed and over 1000 injured when British troops fired on a protesting group of Indian nationals • Moves toward Independence • WWI losses and discontent at home brought protests. They had fought for a country that did not give them any rights • British promised greater self-government, but only delivered a few reforms • “Congress Party” pressed for full independence • The Congress Party was mostly educated businessmen, not one of the masses of Indian peoples • A new leader, Mohandas Gandhi, would emerge to lead the masses

15. India • The Salt March: Salt was a symbol of British oppression. • Gandhi wrote the British gov’t to inform them of his intent • Started to march to the sea with 76 followers. As they went through villages, others joined. By the time they got to the sea, over 1000 people were with him • He marched into the sea, raised a lump of salt into the air and said, “With this, I am shaking the foundation of the British Empire.” • Gandhi was arrested and jailed, but his followers did not stop. Coastal villages began gathering salt and selling it. Many more were arrested (tens of thousands) • The world was watching. The peaceful Indian peoples being met with violence by the British • Gandhi’s message of non-violence and self-sacrifice worked • Over a period of 30 years, British slowly handed over self-government to the Indian people • In 1947 – India was granted full independence

16. India • World War II: India drawn into WWII without consent as part of the British Empire. • Angry Nationalists launched a campaign of noncooperation and were jailed • Millions did fight for the British in WWII • But, at the end of the war, independence could not longer be put off • A Separate Muslim State: Initially, Muslims were part of the Congress party and supported Gandhi and independence • Eventually, Pakistan, an independent Muslim state separated from India

17. South/Central America Maps RequiredExtra Credit Argentina Belize Brazil Bolivia Chile Costa Rica Colombia El Salvador Ecuador Guyana Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela p. 440 #7-12

18. China • The Chinese Republic • Internal Problems: Disorder caused president to step down • Yuan Shikai was picked to restore order and a strong government • Instead, he tried to set up a new dynasty, dividing the nation • Local warlords seized power and battled for control • The economy crashed and the peasants suffered greatly • Foreign Imperialism: Foreign powers took advantage of unrest • Foreign Merchants, Missionaries, and soldiers took over in many regions • During WWI, Japan took control of China as a protectorate • In Treaty of Versailles, parts of China given to Japan • Chinese Nationalists angry at their leaders for “caving in” • May Fourth Movement: Students rose up to protest Japan’s control • The Intellectual leaders looked to mimic the west to gain power, control • Old ways rejected, especially among women • The Appeal of Marxism: Revolution in Russia intrigued many • Russia happy to train military and intellectual leaders in their ways • By 1920’s – a strong group of radicals formed their own political party

19. China • Leaders for a new China: • A new leader, Sun Yixian, worked to united China, looked to western powers for support in building a democratic China and was ignored • Sun turned to Soviet Russia for help in defeating the warlords • Mao Zedong – a young communist leader – began to emerge • He appealed to the masses, not the elite. He challenged the chosen leaders • The Long March: after taking control of the southern part of China, Mao was pursued by the army. He and 100,000 followers fled, chased by the army. Over 6000 miles, regular battles occurred. By the end, only 20.000 survived. During their retreat, they treated the peasants they met with dignity and respect, earning their admiration • Mao will set up a new region in the north and continue to challenge leaders • Japanese Invasion: 1932 – Japan invaded China • Quickly, they took control of most of China. • The Chinese leaders join forces with Mao and the Communists against Japan • Japan was brutal to the Chinese People. “The Rape of Nanjing” was symbolic of this treatment. Hundreds of thousands killed and more brutalized by Japan

20. Japan Liberal Changes in the 1920’s –Japan moves towards democracy and elect the “DIET” • Economic Growth:Economy grew quickly in Asia during WWI. • Japan sought to control China • Powerful business leaders looked to control politics (zaibatsu) • Japan signs treaty to decrease size of military (to show they valued world peace • Serious Problems • Economy will slow down in the 1920’s • Rural workers suffered while city dwellers did well • Factory workers paid poorly • Both groups looked to Communism/Socialism for relief – elect leaders • Younger generation challenged the old traditions and ways • Military and Government fought for control. The military saw the government as very corrupt. They condemned the rejection of traditions

21. Japan * The Nationalist Reaction: The Great Depression will devastate Japan. Exports dropped, unemployment rose • A Worsening Crisis • ULTRANATIONALIST & the Military leaders demand action by gov’t • Ultranationalists also mad at US, GB, Canada and Australia’s policy of keeping Japanese immigrants out (treated like 2nd class persons) • Demanded renewed expansion (space & natural resources) MANCHURIA • The Manchurian Incident • Military and Business leaders created a crisis • Set bombs on Japanese rail lines and blamed the Chinese • Used as an excuse to invade Manchuria • They set up a “puppet government” to rule in Manchuria • The League of Nations condemned Japan, Japan withdraws from the L 0f N

22. Japan • Militarists in Power: As the Military took more and more control, opposition leaders were assassinated. They even plotted to overthrow the gov’t • Traditional Values Revived • Civilian gov’t survived, but was dominated by military leaders • Gov’t would crack down on socialists and ended most democratic reforms • Schools began to teach traditional ultranationalist views such as absolute obedience to the emperor and the government • Renewed Expansion • By 1939, Japan controlled a good share of China (rebels fought back) • In 1939, Japan signed a treaty with Germany and Italy (Axis Powers) • World War II will break out in Asia and Japan will look to dominate all of Asia and become a dominant world power

23. Chapter 16 Vocabulary Ahimsa Economic Nationalism Apartheid Nationalization Civil Disobedience Polygamy Cultural Nationalism Ultranationalism Diet NEED TO KNOWS Latin America, Africa, India, China, Japan * Reasons for Unrest (examples) * Methods of Change (examples) * Outcome of Revolution (examples)

24. Essays – Answer 2 of these • Several revolutions happened around the world in the era we are studying. Why did the people of these nations feel the need to revolt? Give 3 specific examples • Gandhi led his people to a peaceful revolution. Explain how he was able to accomplish this. • Describe why Great Britain, France and the US did not have similar revolutions during this era.