China Limits European contacts

1. China Limits European contacts Chapter 19 Section 2

2. Key Terms • Ming Dynasty • Hongwu • Yonglo • Zheng He • Manchus • Qing Dynasty • Kangxi

3. The Rise of the Ming • China became a dominant power • Vassals states in Korea paid the Ming tribute • China expected the same from Europeans • Was not going to let outsiders threaten peace and prosperity

4. The Rise of the Ming • Ming had ended Mongol rule • Hongwu- a peasant’s son who drove the Mongols out • Ruled from Yuan capital • Restored destroyed fields • Erased all traces of the Mongol past

5. The Rise of the Ming • Hongwu’s agriculture reforms increased rice production and irrigation • Encouraged fish farming, growing crops (cotton, sugar cane) • Brought stability to China

6. The Rise of the Ming • Encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards • Improved on restoring merit based civil service • Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant • Purged the government • Killed thousands of officials

7. The Rise of the Ming • Hongwu’s death in n1398 led to a power struggle • Yonglo his son emerged victorious • Moved the royal Court to Beijing • Yonglo had a curiosity of the outside world • Launched 7 voyages of exploration

8. The Voyages of Zeng He • Chinese admiral who led all seven voyages • Large distances, large fleet, large ships • Went from Southeast Asia to Africa • Fighting ships, storage vessels • Treasure ships measuring over 400 feet

9. The Voyages of Zeng He • 27,000 people in the crew • Sailors, soldiers, carpenters, accountants, doctors and religious leaders • Distributed gifts of silks and silver to show superiority • 156 countries sent tribute to the Ming court • After 7th voyage China withdrew in isolation

10. Ming Relations with Foreign Countries • Trade policies in the 1500’s isolation • Only government could conduct foreign trade • Only trade through three ports • Canton • Macao • Ningbo

11. Ming Relations with Foreign Countries • Profited minded merchants smuggled goods • Europeans paid with silver from American mines • Silk-making and ceramics grew rapidly • Manufacturing and commerce grew rapidly

12. Ming Relations with Foreign Countries • Idea of commerce offended Confucian beliefs • Money supported foreigners who were robbers • Chinese policies favored agriculture • Taxes on manufacturing skyrocketed, agriculture stayed low

13. Ming Relations with Foreign Countries • Missionaries accompanied traders to China • Brought Christianity, knowledge of European science and technology (clock) • Matteo Ricci- first Jesuit to have an impact

14. Manchus Found Qing Dynasty • Higher taxes and bad harvest pushed peasants to starvation • 1644 Manchus people invade China • Seized Beijing and became the leader • Upheld Confucian beliefs • Qing Dynasty will rule for 260 years

15. China Under Qing • Resisted the rule of non-Chinese Manchus • Reduced government expenses and reduced taxes • Scholar and patron of the arts • Company of Jesuits in his court

16. China under Qing • Jesuits taught him mathematics, science and medicine • Qian-long (grandson) ruled from 1736-1795 • China reached its greatest size and prosperity • Expanded European missionaries in China

17. Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation • Middle kingdom was the center of the universe fro 2,000 years • Foreign states wanted to trade they had to follow Chinese rules • Use only special ports and pay tribute • Dutch accepted Chinese restrictions

18. Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation • Kowtow ritual-kneeling in front of the emperor and touching your head nine times • Dutch sold tea, silk and porcelain • 1800 tea was 80% of the shipments • Great Britain did not like Chinese restrictions

19. Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation • Britain refused to kowtow and China declined the invite to trade • China was self sufficient and did not need the British

20. Korea Under Manchus • Manchus had conquered Korea • Korea organized their government under Confucian ideas • They adopted Chinese technology • Chinese invasion and Japanese attacks provoked strong feelings of nationalism

21. Korea Under Manchus • Sentiment was evident in their art • Many artists showed popular Korean scenes

22. Life in Ming and Qing China • Most families farmed the land • Farmers grew more than rice (sweet potatoes, corn) • Food production increased, population followed • Families favored sons over daughters

23. Life in Ming and Qing China • Only sons could perform vital religious rituals • Females were not valued • Many female infants were killed • Men dominated the households

24. Life in Ming and Qing China • Women had a lot of responsibilities • Supervised children’s education • Worked the fields • Managed the family finances • Women force to remain secluded in their homes • Worked as midwives or textiles

25. Cultural Developments • Chinese fiction written during this period • Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Zhan • Examines upper class society in the 1700’s • Valued techniques over creativity • Pottery needed technical skill

26. Cultural Developments • Experimentation led to production of high quality ceramics and porcelain • Drama was popular entertainment • Plays presented Chinese history and heroes • Helped to unify and Chinese society by creating a national culture