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Prokaryote and Metabolism

Prokaryote and Metabolism. Found everywhere More bacteria in mouth than the total number of people who have ever lived. Minority that cause disease Bubonic plague TB Cholera STD’s Food poisoning Beneficial Carbon cycle Decomposers Symbiosis (mitochondria).

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Prokaryote and Metabolism

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  1. Prokaryote and Metabolism • Found everywhere • More bacteria in mouth than the total number of people who have ever lived. • Minority that cause disease • Bubonic plague • TB • Cholera • STD’s • Food poisoning • Beneficial • Carbon cycle • Decomposers • Symbiosis (mitochondria)

  2. Traditional 5 Kingdom System • Kingdom Monera • All prokaryotes • Based on structural difference b/w proK and euK • By comparing RNA w/ sequence of genomes • Two major branches of proK • Bacteria • Archaea

  3. Development of Domains • Domain Archaea • Antiquity • Extreme environments • Like early earth’s • Domain Bacteria • Modern organisms • Current environment

  4. Structure and Function • Shapes: • Cocci • Bacilli • Helical • Cell wall outside of plasma membrane • Peptidoglycan: Gram Positive (AB sensitive) • LPS: Gram Negative (AB insensitive) • Capsule: sticky secretion, protective layer, adhere to substratum

  5. Motility: • Pili: surface attaching device • Flagella: movement, differs from eukaryotes • Not part of cell membrane Slime trails, taxis

  6. Reproduction & Adaptation Transformation: proK cell takes up genes from surrounding environment. Genetic Transfer b/w proK cells. Cross species Conjugation: direct transfer of genes from one cell to another Transduction: virus helps to exchange genes b/w cells

  7. Metabolism Photoautotrophs: cyanobacteria Chemoautotrophs: stone eaters/oxidizers Photoheterotrophs: Chemoheterotrophs: Saprobes Parasites • Relationship to O2 • Obligate aerobe • Facultative anaerobes • Obligate anaerobes Photosynthesis

  8. Environments Extremophiles: extreme environments Methanogens: methane producers, swamps, obligate anaerobes Extreme Halophiles Extreme Thermophiles

  9. Ecological Impact • Symbiotic: relationship w/ host organism • Mutualism: both benefit • Commensalism: one benefites, no harm to other • Parasitism: harm to host • Opportunistic: • Kosh’s Postulates • Exotoxins: secretes proteins • Endotoxins : part of cell wall • Opportunistic: normal residence of host, but can cause illness when host immune is weaken

  10. Koch’s Postulates • ID Antrax and Tb bacteria (1800’s) • Developed guidelines to determine agent. • Still used today • Find same pathogen in each diseased individual • Isolate the pathogen from a disease subject and grow (pure culture) • Induce disease in experimental animals by transferring cultured pathogen. • Isolate SAME pathogen from experimental animals

  11. Exotoxins • Proteins secreted by bacteria • Clostridium botulinum: exotoxin produces disease botulism. 1grams could kill a million • Vibrio cholera: cholera • E. coli: traveler’s diarrhea • Endotoxins • Components of outer membrane • Gram negative • Salmonella typhi: typhoid fever • Bioremediation: • Use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil

  12. The Nasties necrotizing fasciitis syphillus Gonorrea Clyamidia Leprosy

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