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Helping and Happiness

Helping and Happiness. Altruism vs. Prosocial behavior. Evolutionary approaches to prosocial behavior. Kin altruism Direct reciprocity Indirect reciprocity Signaling theory Group selection theory Are these testable? Are there other explanations for these findings?

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Helping and Happiness

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  1. Helping and Happiness

  2. Altruism vs. Prosocial behavior

  3. Evolutionary approaches to prosocial behavior • Kin altruism • Direct reciprocity • Indirect reciprocity • Signaling theory • Group selection theory • Are these testable? • Are there other explanations for these findings? • How good is the support?

  4. Why else might we help? • Negative state relief model—Cialdini • Arousal: cost-reward model—Piliavin • Social learning • Modeling • Norms: reciprocity, fairness

  5. Batson’s empathy-altruism hypothesis • When do we help according to this model? • Batson paradigm • Aversive-arousal reduction, empathy-specific punishments, empathy-specific rewards, empathic joy, negative state-relief, feelings of oneness (Cialdini) • Benefits? • Costs?

  6. Who is more likely to help? • PennerProsocial Personality Battery • Ascription of responsibility • Empathic concern • Perspective taking • Personal distress • Other-oriented reasoning • Mutual-concern reasoning • Helpfulness • Gender • Genetic basis

  7. Situational effects • Population density • Why? • Time pressure (Samaritan study) • Bystander intervention • Notice • Interpret as emergency • Assume responsibility • Know how to act • Act

  8. Bystander processes • Social influence • Audience inhibition • Diffusion of responsibility • Video

  9. Volunteerism • What leads people to volunteer? • Differences by country

  10. How can you increase prosocial behavior? • Don’t force it • Give kids a reasons for behaviors • Say “you’re helpful” • Be a good parent • Prosocialtv and video games • Educate about effects • Primes • Other ways?

  11. Stigma article (Pryor et al.) • What is a stigma? • Three types? • Which comes first, stigma or perceptions of dangerousness? • Why do we have them? • Pathogen avoidance • Reciprocal altruism • Desire to be in group • Rozin contamination effects

  12. Stigma and helping • Weiner’s attribution theory • Pryor et al.’s dual process theory • Examples of both processes? How do they differ? • Mouse study • How can stigma be seen at different levels? • Self, individual, institutional • What does this approach suggest about how to reduce negative effects of stigma?

  13. Positive psychology • History • www.positivepsychology.org • What is it?

  14. Lyubomirsky et al. • What is happiness? Is that a good operational definition? • What makes up happiness? • What things make us happy? • Why don’t other things we think would make us happy work? • How can you increase happiness? • Why don’t life circumstances matter more? • What is the purpose of happiness?

  15. McNulty & Fincham, 2011 • Are things like forgiveness, optimism, positive thoughts, and kindness good or bad? • How do they recommend that positive psych be modified? • Are there traits that are always positive? • Do we have a need to feel bad?

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