S3 Exam Prep

1. S3 Exam Prep

2. Activities • Activities can be described as being Individual, team or both. Give an example from your course of all of the above, and a description of what they mean. • Activities can also be described as being competitive or non-competitive. Give an example from your course of both, and a description of what they mean.

3. Rules • Rules can be described as official or unofficial. Can you give two examples for each of these types of rules from an activity of your choice. • Some rules mean that a performer must learn a new skill in order to abide by the rule. Give an example from your course of such a rule and the new skill you needed to learn as a result.

4. Rules Continued • Some formal rules may restrict the movement a performer/ competitor can make during an activity. From the activity below, what formal rule exists that would restrict the athletes movement?

5. Conduct & Behaviour • Conduct & Behaviour are an important part of all sporting activities. Give an example for each from an activity of your choice. An example is given for you: Activity –Rugby. Behaviour –Respect official rules & avoidintentionally breaking them. Conduct –Obey rules even when not being directly observed by match officials e.g. during a ruck or a maul.

6. Etiquette • In all sporting activities there are types of behaviour known as Etiquette that are accepted. An example of this would be:to remain quiet when someone is playing a shot in golf. (A list of bowling etiquette is included in this slide).

7. Skills and Techniques

8. Definitions • A skill is the purpose of linked sequences of movement. (Write an example of your own) • A technique is the ways of completing a skill. (Write an example of your own)

9. Skill Learning • There are two main methods of learning new skills that we use in Standard Grade PE. One is Gradual Build-up and Whole-part-whole. • Gradual Build-up would be used to learn difficult (complex) or dangerous skills.In your jotter write down a reason for this. • Whole-part-whole learning would be used to learn a simple skill. In your jotter write down a reason for this. • Now write down an example from your course that we have used for learning a new skill for each of the above.

10. Adapting Activities. • Activities can be adapted in many ways and for different reasons. E.g. Adult versions of games can be changed to suit younger players making it easier for them to learn. • Look at the pictures below and explain how and why the activity could be changed to suit a younger player. The key area of change has been identified. The playing area Net Height The rules Number of players The scoring system Length of game Equipment Number of touches

11. Developing Skill/ Adapting Activities. • Games can be played “small sided” instead of “full sided.” E.g. 5 a side football. In your jotter write down 2 advantages of playing with smaller sides for developing skill. • Numerical superiority means having an advantage as there are more attackers than defenders or vice versa. In your jotter write down 2 advantages for the attackers of numerical superiority when developing skills.

12. Developing Skill cont. • Now write down a disadvantage for the defenders as a result of their being more attackers? • How could the defenders find away around this problem?

13. Centre of Gravity and Transfer of Weight

14. Centre of Gravity • The centre of gravity for a human is located around the area of the naval. In many activities performers need to be able to maintain a static centre of gravity to remain stable. e.g. Activity – Gymnastics Skill – Handstand In your jotter write down 3 different activities and a skill from each where the performer must maintain a static centre of gravity. • In other activities the centre of gravity is dynamic (always moving) e.g. Activity – Ice Skating Skill - Jumps In your jotter write down 3 different activities and a skill from each where the performer must have a dynamic centre of gravity.

15. Centre of Gravity Cont. Performers can make themselves more stable in 5 ways. Explain why stability is needed in each of the following activities. The more you lean into an oncoming force the more stable you will be. The lower your centre of gravity the more stable you will be. The heavier you are the more stable you are. The closer your COG is to the centre of your base the more stable you will be. The larger the area of your base the more stable you will be.

16. Transfer of Weight • Many activities involve a transfer of weight from the back foot to the front. A transfer of weight in this direction adds more force, speed and distance into the movement. A long backward motion and follow through increases this. Basketball players will transfer weight from their back foot to the front when they chest pass. This transfer of weight adds speed to the pass. In your jotter select any activity and passing as the skill, you may use Basketball. Explain in detail why fast passing may be required in a game.

17. Transfer of Weight Cont The striking and fielding games require a transfer of weight from the back to front foot. In your jotter, in detail explain why. Now give two examples from your course of activities that require a similar transfer of weight action.

18. Transfer of Weight Cont. In your jotter, describe in detail the transfer of weight which occurs during this performance. During a vault weight is transferred from the feet to the hands and then back to the feet. In your jotter write down another activity and skill which has a similar transfer of weight. In your jotter select a skill/technique from this activity. Describe how improving the weight transfer would improve the performance.

19. The Body

20. Oxygen Transport System • The Oxygen transport system is made up of the respiratory system and the circulatory system. Give a definition of each of these systems. Which activities from your Standard Grade course will make the most demands on your oxygen transport system?

21. Benefits of Training • Regular exercise increases the size of the heart allowing more blood to be pushed around the body with every beat of the heart. - Will this lower or raise your heart beat? • Regular exercise increases the Vital Capacity of the lungs. - Does this mean that your lungs can take in more oxygen with each breath you take?

22. Oxygen Debt • If the body is performing at a high intensity for long periods of time, it can become difficult for your breathing to supply enough oxygen to working muscles. This will cause a build up of lactic acid in the muscles, and the body will slow down. This is known as Oxygen Debt. Can you think of FOUR implications of OXYGEN DEBT?

23. Hinge Joints • The knee is a hinge joint. It can only open and close like a door. An example of an activity that uses this type of joint is Kicking in football. • Write down in your jotter another example of a hinge joint and an activity which requires this movement.

24. Ball and Socket Joint • The Shoulder is a ball and socket joint. This means that it rotates in all directions. An example of an activity that requires this action is Javelin. • Write down another example of a ball and socket joint and an activity which requires this movement.

25. Aspects of Fitness. • There are three aspects of fitness that we focus on in SGPE: • Physical Fitness –This would be things like speed, strength, suppleness, stamina etc • Skill Related Fitness –This would be things like reaction time, co-ordination, balance or agility etc • Mental aspects of Fitness –This would be things like rehearsal, concentration or confidence.

26. Aspects of fitness – Physical Fitness • Cardio Respiratory Endurance – Heart & Lungs • Muscular Endurance – Group of Muscles • Speed – Cover a distance in a short time • Strength – Maximum force exerted in a single effort • Flexibility – Range of movement across a joint • Power – Combination of Speed & Strength

27. Skill related fitness • Balanceis an aspect of skill related fitness. Balanceis the ability to retain the centre of gravity over your base of support. • In your jotter, write down a time that balance was important to your performance in a team activity and explain why?

28. Skill related fitness cont. • Co-ordination & Agility are aspects of skill related fitness. • Co-ordinationis the ability to control movements smoothly and fluently in the correct order. • Agilityis the ability to move the body quickly. • In your jotter, write down a time that co-ordination was important to your performance in an individual activity and explain why? • In your jotter, write down a time that agility was important to your performance in an individual activity and explain why?

29. Cardiorespiratory Endurance • The ability of the & to work over a prolonged period of time. • To improve C.R.E a body needs to work for long intervals at a low level of intensity. This is because the body requires a lot of oxygen to supply the working muscles • (This is known as AEROBIC activity).

30. What tests can be used to measure C.R.E? • 20m progressive shuttle run test – (beep test). • Harvard Step Test. • 12 minute run - (12min cooper run).

31. Effects of C.R.E on Performance What effects would a high level of C.R.E. have on a performers overall performance? • In activities that take a long period of time good CRE provides you with the chance to perform at the top level for longer. • You can carry out skills and concentrate longer. (Thus reducing errors in play due to fatigue). • You are more likely to recover faster.

32. Types of Training for CRE • There are several types of training that will help improve CRE. Two of these are FARTLEK training & INTERVAL training. In your jotter, write a description of bothfartlek training & interval training. Now write a description of what you would do in one training session for one of the above.

33. Mental Related Fitness. • Mental preparation is important in many activities. Different people will go about their mental preparation in different ways. For example, a footballer may be motivated by a team mate or coach, whereas a long distance runner will need to prepare by themselves e.g. by setting short term goals in a long distance race.

34. Mental Related Fitness Cont In pairs come up with as many reasons as you can why determination would be important during practice. Now discuss why co-operation would be equally important in a successful practice session.

35. Mental Related Fitness Cont Choose an activity of your choice where you have felt very motivated. Now explain why you felt so motivated in one session. Why would concentration be important in a successful practice?