The New Republic

1. The New Republic 1789-1840 What problems might a new nation face?

2. The New Republic1789-1840 • How did Americans respond to internal and external challenges?

3. Launching a New NationThe Federalist Era • April 1, 1789-United States House of Representatives holds its first meeting. • May 1, 1789- George Washington assumes the office of President. • 1789-French Revolution begins. Americans opinion over the revolution is mixed. Both countries began stopping American ships and seizing their cargo. • 1790-The House of Representatives votes to locate the nation’s capital on a 10-mile stretch along the Potomac River. • 1791-900 American soldiers are killed or wounded by the Miami Nation and Shawnees north of the Ohio River • 1791-Bill of Rights becomes U.S. law with VA’s ratification. • 1791-Vermont becomes the 14th state to enter the union. • 1792-Kentucky becomes the 15th state to enter the union.

4. The Federalist Era • 1793-President Washington meets, at his home, with the heads of his Departments of State, Treasury and War, the Attorney General and the Postmaster General, thereby holding the first “cabinet” meeting. • 1793-The cornerstone is laid for the new Capital Building on the Potomac. • 1793-France declares war on Britain, Spain, and Holland. U.S. remains neutral. The British impress American sailors on American ships, forcing them to serve on British ships. • 1793-The first political parties are formed (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans). • Washington saw political parties as out to “destroy the best fabric of human government and happiness.” • Major disagreement was over: the power of the federal government, the need for a national bank, tariffs.

5. Federalists vs. Republicans • Were led by Alexander Hamilton • Believed wealthy and well educated should lead nation • Favored strong central government • Emphasized manufacturing, shipping, and trade • Favored loose interpretation of Constitution • Were pro-British • Favored national bank • Favored protective tariff • Were led by Thomas Jefferson • Believed people should have political power • Favored strong state governments • Emphasized agriculture • Favored strict interpretation of Constitution • Were pro-French • Opposed national bank • Opposed protective tariff The First Political Parties

6. The Federalist Era • 1794-The Battle of Fallen Timbers- General Anthony Wayne defeats the Native Peoples of the Northwest. • 1794-The Whiskey Rebellion against high taxes leads George Washington to send troops to PA to avoid a repeat of Shay’s Rebellion. • 1795-Jay’s Treaty resolves issues of Anglo-American affairs, averting war. The U.S. agreed to pay its debts long owed to British merchants and British agreed to pay for the ships it seized and withdraw its troops from the Northwest Territory and stop aiding the Native Americans there. They also agreed to stop impressing sailors. • 1795-The Treaty of Greenville is signed-leaders of the defeated Native Americans nations give up most of their lands from the Ohio River in the south to Lake Erie in the north. (Most of modern day Ohio).

7. The Federalist Era Ends • 1796-John Adams (Federalist) is elected President. • 1796-The Supreme Court rules on the Constitutionality of an act of Congress for the first time, Hylton vs. U.S. • 1796-Tenessee becomes the 16th state to enter the Union. • 1797-First ship of the United States Navy is launched. • 1798-“XYZ Affair” shows France treating America with disdain, leads to anti-French sentiment and a cry for war. • 1798-Alien and Sedition Acts, designed by Federalists to destroy their political opponents- Democratic-Republican party (which supports France). Opponents argued the acts were unconstitutional and violated the First Amendment. State leaders against the acts tried to declare laws stating the Alien & Sedition Act unconstitutional. People of New England and South Carolina threatened to leave (succeed) the union. The Acts boosted the idea of state’s rights to override federal law. • 1799-George Washington dies. “First in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen.”

8. The Era of Thomas Jefferson(1801-1816) • How did Jefferson and Madison deal with unresolved problems?

9. Jefferson’s Democratic Style • 1800-Thomas Jefferson is elected President; Aaron Burr is Vice-President. • 1801-Thomas Jefferson is inaugurated. • Jefferson wanted to make the government more democratic, which means ensuring that all people have the same rights. • He made his inauguration a low-key affair instead of a fancy one. • He preferred quiet dinners to formal parties. • To show that the President was an ordinary citizen, he wore casual clothes and greeted people by shaking hands instead of bowing. • He promised that although his party, the Republicans, were in the majority, he would not treat the Federalists harshly. In his inaugural address, he said, “The minority possess their equal rights, which equal laws must protect.”

10. Jefferson’s Economic Policies • Jefferson believed that one way to lessen government power was to reduce the federal budget. • Jefferson believed in the economic idea known as laissez faire, a policy in which the government plays as small a role as possible in economic affairs. • Instead the economy relies on a free market where goods and services are exchanged with little regulation.

11. Goal: Reduce Size of Government • Tries to cut federal budget and reduce federal debt • Promotes laissez-faire policies in economic affairs • Decreases the size of government departments • Reduces the size of the army and navy • Asks Congress to repeal the whiskey tax Goal: Reconcile Party Differences • Retains the Bank of the United States • Continues to pay off state debts using federal moneys • Allows many Federalists to keep their government jobs Policies Policies Jefferson Reduced the Power of the Federal Government

12. Chief Justice Marshall and the Supreme Court • John Adams had appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Marshall was a Federalist. • Marshall found the courts to be weaker than other branches of government. • When William Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison, the case came before the Supreme Court. The Judiciary Act of 1789 said the Supreme Court could decide cases against federal officials. • In the Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison, Marshall wrote that the Constitution didn’t give the Supreme Court the right to hear such a case, and Congress could not give it the right. Therefore, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. • The decision in Marbury v. Madison set a precedent. It gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review—the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional and to reject laws that it considered unconstitutional.

13. Control of the Mississippi River • Farmers west of the Appalachians shipped their crops on the Mississippi to New Orleans. From there, ships carried the produce to Atlantic ports. • Spain controlled New Orleans. Sometimes they threatened to close the port. In the Pinckney Treaty of 1795, Spain agreed to let Americans ship their goods down the Mississippi to New Orleans. • 1800 -Spain gave Louisiana back to France. Napoleon wanted to grow food in Louisiana. • Events in Haiti, a French colony in the Caribbean, ruined his plans. Enslaved Africans in Haiti revolted and declared their independence. • 1803-To gain control of Louisiana, Jefferson decided to buy Louisiana. • Ohio is 17th state to enter the Union.

14. The United States Buys Louisiana • Jefferson sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe to buy New Orleans and West Florida from Napoleon. • Livingston and Monroe met with the French foreign minister. After some time, he asked them if they would like to buy all of Louisiana. • Surprised, Livingston at first offered $4 million. Eventually, he and Monroe agreed to $15 million. • No one was sure the purchase was constitutional. In the end, Jefferson decided that he did have the authority to buy Louisiana. The Senate approved the treaty, and the Louisiana Purchase went into effect.

15. The Expedition of Lewis and Clark1804-1806 Purpose of the expedition, or long journey of exploration • to map a route across the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean • to study the territory’s geography—land, climate, plants, and animals • to learn about the Indian nations who lived there The journey • Lewis and Clark left from St. Louis and crossed the plains by way of the Missouri River. Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, and her husband agreed to accompany the party as translators. • The Shoshones showed Lewis and Clark the best route over the Rockies. Lewis and Clark crossed the Continental Divide, the high mountain ridge that separates river systems flowing toward opposite sides of the continent. • The party built canoes and floated down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. • The return trip back to St. Louis took another year.

16. The Expedition of Zebulon Pike Purpose of the journey was • to explore the upper Mississippi River, the Arkansas River, and parts of present-day Colorado and New Mexico. The journey • From Colorado and New Mexico, Pike entered Spanish territory. Spanish troops arrested Pike and his men and took them into Mexico. • The party was later escorted through Texas back to the United States.

17. The Expeditions of Lewis and Clark and Zebulon Pike

18. Jefferson and Threats From Overseas:Benefits and Risks of Overseas Trade Benefits • Yankee traders built up a profitable trade, for example, trade with India, with China, and in the Pacific Northwest Risks • One great risk was pirates. Pirates from the Barbary States on the north coast of North Africa attacked vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. To protect American ships, the rulers of those states demanded a yearly tribute, or bribe. • When Jefferson refused to pay, one of the Barbary States, Tripoli, declared war on the United States. Jefferson blockaded the port of Tripoli. American marines launched a surprise attack. The ruler of Tripoli agreed not to interfere with American ships.

19. The British and French Violate the Neutrality of American Ships • 1803- Britain and France went to war again. • American merchants traded with both sides. • Neither side wanted Americans to trade with the other side. The French seized American ships bound for England. The British seized American ships bound for France. • The British also stepped up impressment, the practice of forcing people into service. They seized young men from English villages and both English and American-born sailors from American ships. • Angry Americans called for war. • 1805-Shawnee Indian Chief’s Prophet and Tecumseh emerge as leaders of the Shawnee people, preaching a united front against U.S. encroachment and military might.

20. Jefferson and the Embargo • 1807-Embargo Act-Hoping to hurt France and Britain by cutting off supplies, Jefferson proposed an embargo, or ban on trade. • He persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act, which hurt Britain and France but hurt Americans even more. • Merchants protested against the embargo. Some turned to smuggling, importing or exporting goods in violation of trade laws. • Jefferson used troops to enforce the embargo. • Jefferson admitted that the Embargo Act had failed. • Congress replaced the Embargo Act with another actwhich said Americans could trade with all nations except Britain and France.

21. Conflicts Between Settlers and Native Americans

22. What Tecumseh and his brother, The Prophet, believed • They could keep settlers from taking more Indian land. • By returning to the old ways, Indians could gain the power to resist white invaders. What the Prophet did • Built a village for his followers along Tippecanoe Creek in Indiana Territory. What Tecumseh did • Worked to organize Indian nations between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains into a confederation, or league. • Called for unity against the settlers. What the United States did • Troops under Governor William Henry Harrison marched against Prophetstown. The Prophet led a surprise attack on Harrison’s troops. In the Battle of Tippecanoe, both sides suffered heavy losses. Harrison’s troops defeated the Prophet’s forces. Tecumseh’s Confederation

23. Why the War Hawks Pushed for War with Britain • 1808-James Madison is elected President. • President Madison said that if either the British or French would stop seizing American ships, the United States would stop trading the other nation. France agreed to stop, so the United States traded with France but not with Britain. • The War Hawks were members of Congress from the South and the West who called for war. They were stirred by nationalism, or devotion to one’s country. They said Britain was treating the United States as if it were a British colony. • One War Hawk, Henry Clay, hoped that in a war the United States could conquer Canada. • Other War Hawks said that in a war with Britain, the United States could seize Florida from Britainsally, Spain. • April 1812-Louisiana becomes the 18th state to enter the Union. • Early 1812-The British were supplying guns and ammunition to Native Americans on the frontier. They encouraged Indians to attack settlements. • June 1812-to cut off American trade with France, British warships blockaded American ports. Congress declared war on Britain.

24. The War of 1812The 2nd War for Independence

25. Early Days of the War • The United States Navy had only 16 ships. The British had a huge fleet. • The United States Army was small and ill equipped. Many officers knew little about warfare. • The government relied on volunteers, who were poorly trained and had little experience in battle. Many deserted. • British set up a blockade of the American coast and closed off American ports. • August 1812-The USS Constitution defeated the British warship Guerriere.

26. The invasion of Canada July 1812 General William Hull led American troops into Canada. The Canadians made it look like their forces were large and included experienced British troops. The Americans retreated. Battle of Lake Erie Captain Oliver Hazard Perry designed and built his own ships. Perry’s fleet met a British fleet on Lake Erie. The Americans won the battle. Battle of the Thames General William Henry Harrison’s troops pursued a British force and their ally Tecumseh toward Canada. The Americans won a victory at the Battle of the Thames. Tecumseh died in the battle. Battle of Horseshoe Bend Andrew Jackson and American troops defeated the Creeks. The Americans won the battle. The War of 1812 in the West

27. Bladensburg, Maryland British troops marching toward Washington, D.C., met American troops about 30 miles from Washington. The British scattered the Americans. Washington, D.C. The British set fire to the White House and other buildings, then set off for Baltimore. Baltimore, Maryland The British bombarded the harbor but were unable to take Fort McHenry. They withdrew. Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” about this battle. New Orleans The British attacked the city. Andrew Jackson led a strong force of frontiersmen and Choctaw Indians. Citizens of New Orleans, including African Americans, joined his forces. British losses were heavy. The American forces won a victory at the Battle of New Orleans. The Final Battles of the War of 1812

28. The Final Battles • 1813-Tecumseh dies, as does hope for a united front against U.S. treaty policies. • 1813-Creek warriors in the south attacked several Southern American settlements. • March 1814-Genral Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend and the Creek Indians gave up millions of acres of land. • August 1814-Washington D.C. is attacked by the British. The capital is burned to the ground. • September 1814-Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor is attacked. Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner.

29. The Final Battles of the War of 1812

30. New Englanders Protest the War • The British blockade hurt New England’s sea trade. • New Englanders feared that the United States might win land in Florida and Canada, which would become new states. That would make the South and the West more influential than New England. • 1814-Delegates from New England states met at the Hartford Convention, in Hartford, Connecticut. They threatened to leave the Union if the war continued. • While the Hartford Convention was still meeting, news of a peace treaty arrived. • Christmas Eve, 1814-Treaty of Ghentended the War of 1812. It was named after the city in Belgium where it was signed. In the treaty, Britain and the United States agreed to go back to the way things were before the war.

31. The War of 1812 Ends • January 1815-General Jackson becomes a hero at Battle of New Orleans. • Americans would now have to be treated with respect by other nations. • Americans entered a new era of confidence and unity. • It also became a time for a major expansion of American democracy. • January 1816-James Monroe is elected President. • December 1816-Indiana becomes the 19th state to enter the Union. • 1817-Mississippi becomes the 20th state to enter the Union. • 1818-Illinois becomes the 21st state to enter the Union.

32. A Changing Nation1815-1840 • How did the nation reflect a growing sense of national pride and identity?

33. The United States Gains Florida Many Americans wanted Florida. • Southerners worried about the Creek and Seminole Indians of Florida raiding Georgia settlements. • 1816-Many enslaved African Americans escaped to Florida. About 1,000 African Americans lived in settlement on the Apalachicola River known as Negro Fort. • In 1818 Andrew Jackson led American troops into Florida. Spain protested but was busy with revolutions in Latin America. • 1819-In the Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain agreed to give Florida to the United States for $5 million.

34. The Monroe Doctrine The Background • In 1815, Prussia, France, Russia, and Austria formed an alliance aimed at crushing any revolution in Europe. They seemed ready to help Spain take back its colonies in Latin America. • Russia claimed lands on the Pacific coast of North America. • The British feared their trade would be hurt if Spain regained control of its former colonies. Thus, Britain suggested the United States and Britain issue a joint statement guaranteeing the freedom of the new nations.

35. The Monroe Doctrine Monroe’s Foreign Policy • 1823-President Monroe acted independently of Britain. He issued a foreign policy statement known as the Monroe Doctrine. • The United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations or their existing colonies. • At the same time, European nations should not try to regain control of the newly independent nations of Latin America. • The United States would oppose any attempt to build new colonies in the Americas. • Several Presidents have called on the Monroe Doctrine to challenge European intervention, or direct involvement, in Latin America.

36. 1819-Indian Civilization Act is passed, aimed at assimilating tribes into white mainstream society through government and financial aid and boarding schools. • 1824-President James Monroe proposes removal of all Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River, an “honorable” move to assure Indians’ right to dwell in peace. • 1824-John Quincy Adams becomes President. • 1825-The House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams president. • 1828-Andrew Jackson is elected president.

37. The Growing Spirit of Equality Affected Voting Rightsin the early 1800s • The United States was growing rapidly. • Many new states were in the west, between the Appalachians and the Mississippi. • Frontier life encouraged a democratic spirit. • This democratic spirit was reflected in the voting laws. • More people gained suffrage, or the right to vote. In western states, any white man over age 21 could vote. • In eastern states, reformers worked to expand suffrage. By the 1830s, most eastern states had dropped the requirement that voters own land.

38. Growing Spirit of Equality Suffrage Expands Political Parties Change The “Common Man” Rises • More white men are eligible to vote • Property qualifications for voters end • Voter turnout is nearly 80 percent in 1840 election • The caucus system ends • Nominating conventions are held to choose presidential candidates • The spoils system lets ordinary citizens participate in government • Ideas about social classes change The Growing Spirit of Equality Affected Voting Rights

39. National Republicans, known as Whigs • People who supported Adams and his programs for national growth became known as Whigs. • Wanted the federal government to spur the economy. • Supporters included eastern business people, some southern planters, and former Federalists. Democrats • Jackson and his supporters called themselves Democrats. • Supporters included the common people—frontier farmers and eastern factory workers. New Political Parties • The two new political parties developed more democratic ways for choosing candidates for President. • They got rid of the caucus, or private meeting, for choosing candidates. • Instead, each party began to hold a nominating convention, where delegates from the states chose the party’s candidate.

40. The Personality of Andrew Jackson • Strong-willed • Tough • Studied law and set up a successful law practice • Became wealthy buying and selling land • While still in his twenties, was elected to Congress • Won national fame for his achievements in the War of 1812 • Complex • Quick temper • Ability to inspire and lead others • A man of his word • A champion of the common people

41. Native Americans Are Forced From Their Homeland1827-1838 • The Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Seminole nations lived in the Southeast. Settlers wanted the Indian’s land for growing cotton. • President Jackson sided with the settlers. The federal government set aside lands beyond the Mississippi and had begun to persuade or force Indians to move to land that had been set aside. • Georgia claimed the right to make laws for the Cherokee nation. The Cherokees went to court, arguing that their treaties with the federal government protected their rights and their property. When the case reached the Supreme Court, the Court agreed that the Constitution protected the Cherokees. • President Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s decision. In the Cherokee case, he backed states’ rights. • 1830-Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. It forced many Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi. • The United States Army drove more than 15,000 Cherokees westward. Thousands perished during the march. The long, sad journey west became known as the Trail of Tears.

42. Native Americans Are Forced From Their Homeland • In Florida, the Seminole Indians resisted removal. From 1817 to 1818, they fought the United States Army in a conflict known as the first Seminole War. • 1828-Jackson is re-elected. • 1834-The U.S. government demands Seminoles leave Florida as per an 1832 treaty. • The second Seminole War lasted from 1835 to 1842. • The third Seminole War ended in 1858. The Seminoles were finally defeated. The federal government forced most Seminoles to leave Florida.

43. End of an Era • 1834-Whig Party develops in opposition to Jackson (superseded by the republican Party in 1854). • 1836-Martin Van Buren is elected President. (Democrat) • 1840-William Henry Harrison (Whig Party) wins presidency and the Age of Jackson was over.