The New Republic

1. The New Republic Citizenship and Indian Removal post Revolution

2. Study Guide Identification’s • Benjamin Franklin • Benjamin Rush • Thomas Jefferson • 1790 Immigration Act • Buffalo Party • Treaty of Greenville • Tenskwatawa • Tecumseh Northwest Ordinance Treaty of Fort Stanwix Elitists Democrats Shays Rebellion Annapolis Convention Articles of Confederation Federal Convention Federalists Anti-federalists

3. Study Guide Focus Questions • What considerations did founding fathers debate when deciding how to structure the new government? • What events led leadership to reconsider the Articles of Confederation and devise the Constitution? • What political factions arose out of this debate and whose interests did they serve?

4. Who would Rule America? Elitists or conservatives– later the Federalists Constituency: Wealthier, better educated Residents of Urban areas, commercially oriented towns, agricultural districts Franchise limited to property holders/wealthy elite Maintain power and wealth of the elite Democrats or Radicals– later the Democratic Republicans or Anti-Federalists Constituency: Small farmers who predominated in America Believed common man capable of self-government The essential task of government was to preserve the liberties of the people from greed and corruption of those who wielded power

5. State Constitutions First post-revolution debates focused on an appropriate governmental structure for the new states Democrats believed the ideal form of government community or town meeting, people set their own tax rates, Militia schools & churches regulated the local economy State government only needed for coordination among communities

6. Conservative/Whig position Need for balanced government The “unthinking many” should be checked by strong executive and an upper house Insulated from popular control by property qualifications and long terms in office Greatest danger was majority tyranny, which might lead to violation of property rights and “dictatorship”

7. Articles of Confederation Drafted in 1777 by the Continental Congress Established a “firm league of Friendship” between and among the 13 states Reflected wariness by the states of a strong central government Vested the largest share of power in individual states Denied Congress the power to collect taxes, regulate interstate commerce and enforce laws.

8. 1776 - 1780 13 states plus Vermont adopted constitutions Shaped by the debate between radicals, conservatives, democrats & Whigs Pennsylvania adopted the most radically democratic constitutions assembly would be elected annually by all free male taxpayers North Carolina, Georgia, Vermont followed this model Vermont adopted universal male suffrage South Carolina & Maryland created conservative institutions designed to maintain disparity between classes

9. Crisis of the 1780s Depression that produced political protests, Shay’s Rebellion generated a strong nationalist sentiment among elite circles August 29, 1786 Revolutionary veteran, Daniel Shay led an armed rebellion against the harsh taxes placed upon farmers in which the arsenal at Springfield, Mass. Was threatened. significance: elite wanted a re-evaluation of the Articles of Confederation, to create a government that could effectively manage peoples rebellions

10. Revising the Articles of Confederation The Federal Convention convened in Independence Hall), Philadelphia on May 14, 1787, to revise the Articles of Confederation. Purpose to draft a new frame of government. Centralization in favor of merchants, bankers, planters & conservatives Federalist Papers were written between 1787-88 by nationalists 85 articles arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution Most people believed the constitution granted too much power to the central government, weakening the autonomy of local communities and states

11. Federalist Papers Federalist No. 10 Advocates for a large, strong republic to guard against “factions," groups of citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community. Federalist No. 84 – opposition to Bill of Rights Anti-Federalist Papers Collection of articles written in opposition to the ratification of the 1787 Constitution of the United States – in favor of Bill of rights

12. Bill of Rights 1791Legacy of Anti-federalists Freedom of religion Freedom of assembly Freedom of Speech Freedom of the press Right of Petition Right to bear Arms Restrain government from unreasonable searches or seizures Guaranteed traditional legal rights under common law Prohibition of double jeopardy Right not to be compelled to testify against oneself Due process of law before life, liberty, or property could be taken Unremunerated rights of people protects Powers not delegated to federal government were reserved for the states

13. The Constitution, 1787 Admirers Laid the foundation for the democratization and expansion of the Republic Critics Undermines democratic principles of the Declaration of Independence in order to safeguard the interests of the wealthy

14. The United States George Washington – 1789 New Government: planters, merchants, financiers Organized Americas export based on foreign trade Composition of American Population 9 0f 10 Americans lived on farms Non Citizens Lived under patriarchal government of men 1/5 of Americans were African American

15. Post Revolution White Men 60-85% White men owned land = Political access 25% other Unskilled laborers and mariners Working poor – indentured servants Walking poor – vagrants & transients Jailed, confined to work houses, auctioned out for labor

16. Women Post Revolution Limited gains in exchange for war time participation Slightly less restrictive divorce laws Greater access to educational & business opportunities Perception of women’s moral status rose 1787: Benjamin Rush Thoughts Upon Female Education Birth of Republican Motherhood Common law: women surrendered all property rights at marriage Economically and politically subordinate to men – full control over women and children’s lies Some protest – most women socialized to accept position

17. African Americans Thousands of black fighters and their families left America and resettled Samuel Johnson in 1775 asked “How is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of Negroes?” 30,000 fled Virginia alone West Indies Canada Liberia, Africa

18. Africans in the South Growth of Free black communities Shift in religious and intellectual climate Principles of liberty and equality & evangelical notions of human fellowship Weakening of tobacco farming in the Chesapeake colonies Freedom gained 200,000 free by the end of the 1700s Military service Fleeing north

19. Africans in the North Gradual Emancipation Program in the North 1777-1784 northern states ended slavery Vermont 1777, Mass. 1780, N Hampshire 1784, Penn, CT, RI. Children of slaves would be freed at Birth 1810 30,000 remained enslaved in the North Due to racism and Prejudice Discrimination in housing, jobs, political system and education Churches & self-help organizations formed

20. African American Intellectuals Benjamin Banneker born free in MD most accomplished mathematician & Astronomer of his time Jupiter Hammon NY Slave, took up contemporary issues in poems and issues “Address to the Negroes of the State of New York” 1787 Phyllis Wheatley Boston Slave, “Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral” In every human breast God has implanted a principle, which we call love of freedom; it is impatient of oppression, and pants for deliverance. The Same Principle lives in us Written to Mohegan Indian Minister Samuel Occom in 1774

21. America: Who would be included? • Benjamin Rush & Diseases of the Mind • Father of Psychiatry • Established first asylums • Intellectual • “slave holder & white nationalist • Benjamin Franklin • The “Lovely White” • Thomas Jefferson • Repatriation

22. “Lovely White” • Benjamin Franklin argued in Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind that the number of purely white people in the world was very small and he wished there were more of them. • “And while we are…scouring our planet, by clearing America of woods, and so making this side of our globe reflect a brighter light to the eues of inhabitants in mars or venus, why should we in the sight of superior beings, darken its people? Why increase the sons of Africa, by planting them in America, where we have so fair an opportunity, by excluding all Blacks and Tawneys, of increasing the lovely white…?

23. Jefferson’s Homogenous White Society • Member of the House of Burgesses • supported an effort for the emancipation of slaves and in Notes on the State of Virginian • recommended the gradual abolition of slavery and the elimination of “principles inconsistent with republicanism” • During the 1780s after the enactment of the Virginia Manumission law, 10,000 people gained their freedom, • his 200 slaves were not among them . • He viewed women as breeders and children as profit, and would only in theory be willing to make the sacrifice of freeing all his slaves if they would be removed from the United States.

24. Repatriation • 25 years, during which the population would double • 600 million dollars • cost of removal would be 300 million. • He argued for the deportation of future generations. • Black infants would be taken from their mothers, trained in industrious occupations until they reached an appropriate age for deportation. • This would reduce the loss of revenue from 37.5 million because infants were only worth 25.50$. • The old stock would eventually die off until no blacks remained in America • Jefferson recommended Sierra Leone and the west Indies for relocation

25. 1790 Congressional debate • affirmed its commitment to the “pure principles of Republicanism and its determination to develop a citizenry of good and useful men, a homogenous society.” • Only the worthy part of mankind should be encouraged to settle in the new republic and be eligible for citizenship.

26. 1790 Naturalization & Immigration Act • Congress in 1790 restricted naturalization to “White Persons” • This racial prerequisite to citizenship endured until 1952 • From 1907 – 1920 one million people gained citizenship under the racially restrictive naturalization laws, many more were rejected. • The courts established by law what determined a petitioners race: • Skin color, facial features, national origin, language, culture, ancestry, speculations of scientists, popular opinion or some combination of these factors?

27. Pre-requisite cases • The courts offered many different rationales to justify the various racial divisions they advanced • Common knowledge • Appealed to popular, widely held conceptions of races and racial divisions • Justified the assignment of petitioners to one race or another by reference to common beliefs about race • “Scientific evidence” • Supposedly objective, technical and specialized knowledge • Justified racial divisions by reference to the naturalistic studies of humankind • Informed by, interpreted by, based on reasoning or logic of common knowledge • Webster’s definition of race

28. Women, Immigration and Race • Issue of women and citizenship • eligibility for naturalization depended on women marital status • congress in 1855, declared that a foreign woman automatically acquired citizenship upon marriage to a US citizen or upon the naturalization of her alien husband • 1895 treatise on naturalization “a woman partakes of her husbands nationality; her nationality is merged in that of her husband, her political status follows that of her husband” • 1868 only white women could gain citizenship by marrying a citizen • 1922 naturalization of women upon her marriage to a citizen or upon the naturalization of her husband ended

29. Women’s citizenship, restrictions of race • Citizenship of American born women affected by gender-racial restrictions • many courts stripped women of citizenship if they married non citizens • 1907 American woman’s marriage to an alien terminated her citizenship • 1922 congress partially appealed this act • Continued to expatriate any woman who married a foreigner racially barred from citizenship – “any woman citizen who marries an alien ineligible to citizenship shall cease to be a citizen” • Marriage to a non white alien by an American woman was skin to treason against the country • While a traitor lost his citizenship after trial, a woman lost it automatically • Repealed in 1931

30. Maintaining the “lovely white” • The laws governing the racial composition of this country’s citizenry came bound up with and exacerbated by sexism • Women were doubly bound by racial laws, restricted as individuals, and less than because they were wives (femme coverture)

31. Indian Policy of the United States : Original Foreign Policy Buffalo Party and Federal policy

32. American Indian Policy1780 -1820 Centralized control of Indian policy State and local officials challenged the right of congress to administer Indian policy on a national level, often arguing that national politicians were too soft on former enemies of the united states. Buffalo Party Policy of extermination of all Indians. greatly swayed public opinion resulting in the election of many more officials that hated Indians.

33. Land • A New York editor, Brackenridge • rather than whites acknowledging Indian title to any land he believed that they had surrendered their claim having “not made better use of it” and by not doing so “forfeited all pretense to a claim.”

34. Treaties of Fort Stanwix (1784) & Fort McIntosh (1785) Congressional commissioners forced Iroquois & other Ohio Tribes to cede portions of their territory intimidation seized hostages forcing compliance

35. Westward Expansion Land Ordinance 1785 Provided for the survey and sale of western lands Ordered system of survey, divided land into townships composed 640 acres To establish a revenue base for government congress provided for the auction of public land for no less than a dollar per acre Northwest Ordinance, 1787 Congress established a system of government for the territory north of Ohio 3-5 states to be created, slavery prohibited

36. Little Turtle’s War, 1790 Military confederacy of Shawnee, Delaware & others under Miami war chief Little Turtle Successfully launched against General Josiah Harmar in 1790 and then against another American force in 1791 killing 900 Americans

37. Western Indian Confederacy War along the Ohio continued throughout the 1780s and 1790s Shawnee leader, Tecumseh Forming diplomatic relationships among southern tribes. Confederacy designed to unite several native nations in a political and military movement in an effort to drive whites from their lands. 1791-92 Indian State

38. Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794 American General, Wayne Anthony

39. Treaty of Greenville, 1795 12 nations forced to surrender a portion of eastern Indiana and all of Ohio Opened millions of acres of land to settlement Promised to end to British alliance

40. Rise of a Prophet Lalawetheka & 1805 Tenskwatawa or Open Door Doctrine of active resistance against white expansion and institutions. End alcohol consumption End adoption of white culture Unite people against a common foe

41. Tenskwatawa • 1806 Indiana territorial governor Harrison • wrote to the Delaware "if he is really a prophet, ask him to cause the sun to stand still, the moon to alters its course, the rivers to cease to flow" • Tenskwatawa accepted the challenge • Pointed out the day in which he would blot out the sun and assembled numerous followers on June 16, 1806. • total eclipse of the sun occurred. • His stock as a spiritual leader soared and hundreds of people joined his resistance movement.

42. Tecumseh Tecumseh - military and political solution to white expansion Meeting with Governor Harrison 1810 No Indian or tribe has the right to sell even to each other much less to strangers that land was held in trust by all native Americans “This land that was sold, and the goods that were given for it was only done by a few“ He was threatening Harrison not to crowd the people out of their country or it would produce trouble between them

43. 1811 – Tecumseh informed Harrison of the Confederacy If you want to avoid war, move off Indian lands Enlisting support of Shawnees, Kickapoo's, Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, Muscogee… “War now, war forever, war upon the living, war upon the dead” “The only hope of the red man is a war of extermination against all whites” War of 1812 English “Alliances”

44. Battle of Moravian town/Thames in 1813 1813 Britain’s betrayal ended in Tecumseh’s death and the failure of the confederacies Resistance continued, some factions of the same tribes that fought with the British sided with the Americans only to be turned on after the war. Some Delaware's, Shawnees, Seneca's, Wyandot, Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Muscogee

45. War of 1812 The war had two major causes: repeated British violations of American sovereignty, and American expansionism, which was later expressed as manifest destiny. 1812-1815 Ended with the Treaty of Ghent