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Exercise 19

Exercise 19. Blood. Portland Community College BI 232. Blood. Highly specialized connective tissue that consists of formed elements (blood cells) suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma) Formed elements comprise about 45% of total volume. Erythrocyte. Erythrocyte (RBC).

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Exercise 19

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  1. Exercise 19 Blood Portland Community College BI 232

  2. Blood • Highly specialized connective tissue that consists of formed elements (blood cells) suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma) • Formed elements comprise about 45% of total volume

  3. Erythrocyte

  4. Erythrocyte (RBC) • Flattened biconcave discs that lack nuclei and most organelles. • Most of the cytoplasm is filled with the protein hemoglobin • Function: Transport of O2 and CO2

  5. Iron Deficient RBC • More pale and smaller

  6. Sickle Cell

  7. Reticulocyte • Count: 1-2% of RBC • RBC precursor • Increased when RBC turnover is high • Still contains nuclear fragments

  8. White Blood Cells • Defend the body from pathogens and foreign proteins. • Capable of migrating from blood vessels to surrounding tissues by diapedesis.

  9. Neutrophil (Granulocyte) • Nuclei: 2 to 5 lobes connected by thin strands (polymorphonuclear) • Fine, pale lilac practically invisible granules • Lifespan of about 10 hrs

  10. Neutrophil • Count: 40- 70% 3,000-7,000 per mm3 • Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria • Functions: • Phagocytic: engulf pathogens or debris in tissues

  11. Eosinophil (Granulocyte) • Nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes connected by a thin strand • Large, uniform-sized orange-red granules

  12. Eosinophil • Count:2-4% • 100-400 per mm3 • Functions: • Phagocytic: engulf antibody-labeled materials • Release cytotoxic enzymes • Reduce inflammation

  13. Basophil (Granulocyte) • Large, dark purple, variable-sized granules • Obscure the nucleus • Irregular, s-shaped, bi-lobed nuclei

  14. Basophil • Count:<1% • 20-50 per mm3 • Functions: • Enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation

  15. Monocyte (Agranulocyte) • Nucleus is kidney or horse-shoe shaped • Pale cytoplasm

  16. Monocyte • Count: 2-8% • 100-700 per mm3 • Functions: • Enter tissues to become macrophages • Engulf pathogens or debris

  17. Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte) • Dark, oval to round nucleus • Cytoplasm sky blue in color

  18. Lymphocyte • Count: 20-30% • 1,500-3,000 per mm3 • Functions: • Mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies, mediates other cellular immune response, • Includes B and T cells

  19. Platelets • Fragments of a bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte • Count: 150-500,000 per mm3 • Function: mediates blood clotting chemically and mechanically

  20. Platelets Platelet Megakaryocytes

  21. Hemoglobin Concentrations • Normal hemoglobin concentration in females is 12-16 g/deciliter. • Normal hemoglobin concentration in males is 13-18 g/deciliter. • Hematocrit can be estimated from the hemoglobin concentration: 3x hemoglobin=hematocrit. • Normal hematocrit in females is 37-48%. • Normal hematocrit in men is 42-52%.

  22. Gender Differences in Hb • Testosterone stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates erythropoiesis (red cell formation) in the red marrow. • Lower values in women of reproductive age may also reflect their red cell losses due to menstruation.

  23. ABO Blood Types • RBC surfaces are marked by genetically determined glycoproteins • The glycoprotein determines the blood type • Plasma contains isoantibodies or agglutinins to the A or B antigens not found on your blood cells

  24. Type A • Type A: Display only antigen A • The plasma contains antibodies against Type B

  25. Type B • Type B: Display only antigen B • The plasma contains antibodies against Type A

  26. Type AB • Type AB: Display both antigens A & B • The plasma contains no antibodies

  27. Type O • Type O: Display neither antigen • The plasma contains antibodies against A and B

  28. Blood Transfusions • Only RBC are donated. • Transfusion Reactions: The recipients plasma interacts with the donors RBC • Causes clumping then hemolysis

  29. RH blood groups • People with Rh agglutinogens on RBC surface are Rh+. Normal plasma contains no anti-Rh antibodies • Antibodies develop only in Rh- blood type & only with exposure to the antigen • Transfusion of positive blood • During a pregnancy with a positive blood type fetus • Transfusion reaction upon 2nd exposure to the antigen results in hemolysis of the RBCs in the donated blood

  30. Possible Not Possible Possible Not Possible

  31. Lab activities • ID blood cells on slides can use prepared class slides or make your own. • Do differential white blood cell count • Determine your blood type

  32. The End The End

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