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Master in Water Engineering Water Supply and Drainage Systems

Master in Water Engineering Water Supply and Drainage Systems. Water Supply in a historical approach. Professor in charge: Alberte Martínez. Aims. To analyse the different concepts of water and think about their implications

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Master in Water Engineering Water Supply and Drainage Systems

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  1. Master in Water EngineeringWater Supply and Drainage Systems

  2. Water Supplyin a historical approach Professor in charge: Alberte Martínez

  3. Aims • To analyse the different concepts of water and think about their implications • To analyse the water management in the long run and their economic, institutional and technological constraints • To know the global issue of water nowadays and its debates • To know the main stages in the water supply in Spain and its current situation

  4. PROGRAMME (I) • What is Water? A comprehensive approach • Different concepts of water • Water, a perfect capitalist commodity • The Water Debate • A New Water Paradigm: The Soft Path for Water • The tragedy of commons • From the Clasic to the Modern System of Drinking Water • Clasic System (preindustrial times) • Transition to the Modern System (first industrialization, XIX) • Modern System (second industrialization, XX)

  5. PROGRAMME (II) • Waternowadaysworldwide • Thesupply • Thedemand • Trends on drinking water access and sanitation, 1990-2010 • Water and biodiversity • Agreements and conflicts • Ways of management: the debate

  6. PROGRAMME (III) • Water supply and business management in Spain • Private management, 1840-1936 • Public intervention and municipalization, 1936-1975 • Privatizations, 1975-> • The sector in the recient years • Generic data • Supply • Quality • Drainage • A case study: water supply in A Coruña

  7. What is Water? A comprehensive approach • For a chemist: H2O • For a phisycist: a liquid • For a engineer: a fluid • For a politician: power (votes) • For a tourist: leisure, health • For urban people: comfort • For peasants: harvest • For an energy company: electricity • For a businessman: an input • For a “primitive”: life and religion

  8. Water: a perfect capitalist product • Rare and scarce • 70% of the earth´s surface • But only 1% is avaliable water (2% in polar ice-caps) • Indispensable for life • Human bodies are 45-75% water • The supply can´t be increased • No substitutes

  9. Consequences • Increasing demand • Population growth • Urbanization • Irrigation • Industrial development • Tourism and leisure • Increasing prices

  10. Water: a natural monopoly • Similar to other network services • No real choice for competition because economies of scale and efficiency • Public management: more equity but problems of efficiency • Private management: problems of monopoly-> ^prices and <supply ->public regulation (information)

  11. The Water Debate • Debate not only academic but also social • A commodity/production factor (Neoclasics) • Economic features • Assignment by the market: competition and price • Private Property rights • Search for efficency • Focused on expanding the offer

  12. The Water Debate • Social asset (institutionalist economists) • Symbolic, cultural, emotional values • Universal public good • Universal access • Government and citizens´ control • Not free but political prices • Collective property rights/management • Assignement by the community • Market limits to distribute it in different uses • Public regulation • Cooperation, equality • Focused in controlling the demand • Scarcity, Sustainability

  13. A New Water Paradigm: The Soft Path for Water • Focusing on ensuring water for human needs • Focusing on ensuring water for ecological needs • Matching the quality of water needed with the quality of water used • Matching the scale of the infrastructure to the scale of the need • Ensuring public participation in decisions over water • Using the power of smart economics

  14. From the Clasic to the Modern System of Drinking Water • Clasic System (preindustrial times) • Transition to the Modern System (first industrialization, XIX) • Modern System (second industrialization, XX)

  15. The Clasic System • Preindustrial times • Predominance of agricultural use (irrigation): Ancient High Cultures • And for small cities: renaissance of commerce • Diversification of supplies • Individuals: wells • Colective: aqueducts, fountains

  16. The Clasic System (2) • Constraints • Economic: lack of capital • Organizational: no experience • Technological: prescientific stage • Materials • Machines • Projets design

  17. The Clasic System (3) • Not general accessibility: linear nature of aqueducts (simple nets) • Scarce, biological, consumption (10 l/d) • Lack of control on quality

  18. Transition to the Modern System • First industrialization, XIX century • The standstill of the Clasic System • Stagnancy/fall and deterioration of drinking water supply • New industrial uses • Pollution • The rise of the demand • Demographic growth • Strong urbanization • Industrialization • Changes in body cleanliness habits

  19. Transition to the Modern System • Public financial, organizational and technological inability->resort to private companies • Slow process • Coexistence of supplies • Fountains and water-carriers (photo) • Networked home supply • Users´ resistance: from a free good to a fare

  20. Changes in the institutional framework • From the Feudalism • Undefined, confused and complex property rights: shared, comunal, “imperfect” property • Immobilized good • To the Capitalism • Privatization: individual property • Definition of property rights • “Perfect” (private) property • Liberalization: water as a commodity • Aim: to promote the productive uses of water

  21. Water, hygiene and mortality • Higher mortality in cities (overcrowding) • Higher mortality in popular neighborhoods (low areas, more unhealthy) • Reinforcement of social segregation, also in water access (low and high areas) • Persistence of epidemics, some of them related to the water quality: typhoid fever, malaria, cholera • Close relation between mortality fall and quality water supply and drainage (graphic)

  22. Mortality by typhoid fever in Spain (1900-1955), in so much for thousand, five-year average

  23. Water, hygiene and mortality (2) • High price of water, with rising tendency, both absolutely and relatively • Lack of drainage • Reluctance of houses and pieces of land owners to their modernization (water supply and drainage) due to the taxes • Rivalry and emulation among cities

  24. Water, hygiene and mortality (3) • Progressive concern for public health in XIXth century • Importance of the reformist and hygienist movement: air, water and sun • Initial concern only for the quantity of water • Concern for the quality from the middle of XIXth century, and for the drainage from the end of that century • Scientific discoveries (bacteriology, Koch, Pasteur) in the late XIXth and legal and technical developments in the early XXth • Different approaches from doctors, engineers, urbanists and chemists, who took time to agree

  25. Modern System • Second industrialization, XXth • Linked to industrialization and urbanization • Specialized in home supply • Predominance of colective networks • Public service • High consumption (250 l/d)

  26. Modern System (2) • More financial resources: mixed banks • Organizational improvements: managerial revolution • New technological resources: the Second Industrial Revolution (steel, electricity, chemistry)

  27. Basic bibliography • AGUILERA, F., 1993: Economía del agua, Madrid: MAPA. Articles of Kelso, Brown and Ingram, Bromley, Chan, Aguilera, or Wade. • BIGATTI, G., 1997: «La conquista dell’acqua. Urbanizzazione e aprovvigionamento idrico», en BIGATTI, GIUNTINI, MANTEGAZZA y ROTONDI, L’acqua e il gas in Italia, Milán: Francoangeli, 27-161. • BLACK, Maggie, 2009. The atlas of water: mapping the world's most critical resource. Berkeley: University of California Press. • GEORGE, S., 2008. Water and sustainable development. Expoagua Zaragoza. • HASSAN, J. A., 1998: A History of Water in Modern England and Wales, Manchester: Manchester University Press. • MARTÍNEZ, A. (dir.), GIADÁS, L., MIRÁS, J., PIÑEIRO, C. y REGO, G., 2004, Aguas de La Coruña, 1903-2003. Cien años al servicio de la ciudad. Madrid: Lid.

  28. Basic bibliography • MATÉS, J.M. (1998), Cambio institucional y servicios municipales. Una historia del servicio público de abastecimiento de agua. Editorial Comares, Granada. • - (1999), La conquista del agua. Historia económica del abastecimiento urbano. Universidad de Jaén, Jaén. • NACIONES UNIDAS, 2008. El Agua : una responsabilidad compartida: 2º informe de las Naciones Unidas sobre el desarrollo de los recursos hídricos en el mundo. Zaragoza: Sociedad Estatal Expoagua Zaragoza. • NAREDO, J.M. (ed.), 1997. La economía del agua en España. Madrid :Fundación Argentaria. Articles of Naredo and Aguilera. • SHIVA, Vandana, 2004. Las guerras del agua: contaminación, privatización y negocio. Barcelona: Icaria. • SHIVA, Vandana, 2008. Water and Earth's biodiversity =El agua y la biodiversidad de la Tierra = La biodiversité de l'eau et de la Terre. Zaragoza: Sociedad Estatal Expoagua Zaragoza. • SUEVOS, R., 1995. A Sede da terra. Economía da auga. Santiago de Compostela: Laiovento.

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