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First Aid

First Aid. Chapter 8 Head and Spine Injuries. Head Injuries: Scalp Wounds. Bleeding scalp does NOT mean blood supply to brain is affected. Head Injuries: Scalp Wounds. What to Do: Control bleeding If you suspect a skull fx, apply pressure around wound

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First Aid

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  1. First Aid Chapter 8 Head and Spine Injuries

  2. Head Injuries: Scalp Wounds Bleeding scalp does NOT mean blood supply to brain is affected

  3. Head Injuries: Scalp Wounds What to Do: • Control bleeding • If you suspect a skull fx, apply pressure around wound • Keep head and shoulders elevated

  4. Head Injuries: Scalp Wounds DO NOT: • Remove embedded object • Clean the wound if suspect skull fx.

  5. Head Injuries: Skull FX Hard to determine unless fx is obvious

  6. Head Injuries: Skull FX Signs: • Pain at the point of injury • Deformity of skull

  7. Head Injuries: Skull FX Signs: • Bleeding from ears or nose

  8. Head Injuries: Skull FX Signs: • Leakage of clear pink tinged fluid (CSF) from ear or nose CSF: Cerebral Spinal Fluid

  9. Head Injuries: Skull FX CSF: Drip onto cloth, if a pink ring forms around a blood tinged center, this is a positive “halo sign”

  10. Head Injuries: Skull FX Raccoon Eyes: Signs: • Discoloration around eyes several hours after injury

  11. Head Injuries: Skull FX Battle’s Sign: Signs: • Discoloration behind an ear appearing several hour after injury

  12. Head Injuries: Skull FX Signs: • Unequal pupils • Profuse scalp bleeding with broken skin

  13. Head Injuries: Skull FX Signs: • Penetrating wound, impaled object

  14. Head Injuries: Skull FX DO NOT Stop the flow of blood or CSF from an ear or nose. Increases pressure within the skull

  15. Head Injuries: Skull FX DO NOT Remove an impaled object Stabilize object with bulky dressings

  16. Head Injuries: Skull FX DO NOT Clean an open skull fx wound Can cause infection of the brain

  17. Head Injuries: Skull FX What to Do: Monitor ABCs Cover wound with sterile dressing Stabilize neck against movement Elevate head and shoulders Apply pressure around wound edges.

  18. Brain Injuries Brain can bounce around inside skull if head is struck with sufficient force.

  19. Brain Injuries Brain will swell when injured Confined inside skull Little room to accommodate swelling

  20. Brain Injuries Pressure inside skull increases, interferes with brain functioning.

  21. Brain Injuries What to Look For: Level of Responsiveness – Awake, Alert, Oriented? Unresponsive, Confused or Disoriented?

  22. Brain Injuries What to Look For: Memory Loss N/V HA Visual changes Unequal Pupils Seizures

  23. Brain Injuries What to Look For: Paralysis, weakness or loss balance Blood or CSF from ears or nose Combativeness

  24. Brain Injuries What to Do: SMA Stabilize head and neck Monitor ABCs Treat scalp wound or skull FX

  25. Brain Injuries What to Do: Turn to side for vomiting Slightly elevate head if possible Monitor level of responsiveness

  26. Brain Injuries DO NOT Stop flow of CSF Elevate legs Clean open skull Fx wound Elevating legs increases intra-cranial pressure

  27. Brain Injuries NOT SURE? Seek Medical Attention if the following signs appear within 48 hours after head injury:

  28. Brain Injuries SMA if: Increase severity of headache N/V lasting more than 2 hours Drowsiness, confusion Vision problems Cannot use arms or legs Slurred speech Seizures

  29. EYE Injuries What to Do For Penetrating injuries: SMA Protect injured eye Cover both eyes

  30. EYE Injuries What to Do For Blows to the eye: Ice pack SMA as needed

  31. EYE Injuries What to Do For Cuts of the eye and eye lid: Bandage both eyes SMA

  32. EYE Injuries What to Do For Chemical burns of the eye: Immediately flush with water for at least 20 minutes Loosely bandage with cold, wet dressing SMA

  33. EYE Injuries What to Do For Eye knocked out: Avulsed Cover loosely with sterile dressing moistened with clean water Project injured eye Cover undamaged eye SMA

  34. EYE Injuries What to Do For Foreign Objects: Try to flush out by rinsing gently with warm water Examine and remove if seen

  35. NOSE Injuries Nose Bleeds 2 types: Anterior Posterior Front of nose. Most common. Blood comes out through one nostril Back of nose. Massive bleeding backwards into mouth. Serious. SMA

  36. NOSE Injuries Nose BleedsDO NOT Tilt head backwards Probe nose with applicator Move head and neck if suspect spine injury

  37. NOSE Injuries Nose Bleeds Keep victim sitting Keep head tilted slightly forward Pinch soft parts of nose together for 5 minutesApply Ice pack prn

  38. NOSE Injuries Nose Bleeds SMA if: Bleeding does not stop Suspect posterior nose bleed Suspect broken nose Victim has high B/P or is taking Anticoagulants (blood thinner)

  39. Dental Injuries Knocked-Out Tooth Rinse mouth and use gauze to control bleeding Find tooth, handle by crown, not root Place back into socket if possible See Dentist crown root

  40. Dental Injuries Knocked-Out Tooth DO NOT Place tooth in water, alcohol, Betadine, mouth wash, skim milk, or milk by-products Scrub tooth Remove partially extracted tooth

  41. Dental Injuries Toothache Rinse mouth with warm water Use dental floss to remove trapped food Soak cotton ball in oil of cloves and place on tooth Analgesic See Dentist

  42. Dental Injuries Toothache DO NOT Place analgesic tablet directly on tooth Wait to see dentist if there is pus or facial swelling

  43. Spine Injuries What to Look For: Head injuries Painful, limited or no movement in arms or legs Loss of bowel or bladder Deformity of head or neck

  44. Spine Injuries Pedal Pushes Hand Squeezes Have victim push foot against your hand Have victim squeeze your hand

  45. Spine Injuries Ask: Pain? Can you move your hands and fingers? Can you move your feet and toes?

  46. Spine Injuries If unresponsive: Test response by pinching arm, hand and leg, foot

  47. Spine Injuries What To Do: Monitor ABCs Stabilize against movement – Hold head between hands and arms or use objects to stabilize

  48. Spine Injuries DO NOT: Move the victim unless ABSOLUTELY necessary

  49. Learning Activities 8 Head Injuries 1. For a suspected skull fx, press around the wound not directly on it. Yes

  50. Learning Activities 8 Head Injuries 2. DO NOT removed impaled objects. Yes

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