Period IV Review

1. Period IV Review 1450-1750

2. Europe Making sail to great destinations

3. Major Changes Ahead • New technologies • New economic theories/organization • Europe takes control of an emerging global economy and power structure

4. 4 Main Transformations in Thought • Renaissance • Reformations • Scientific Revolution • Enlightenment

5. The Renaissance • Rebirth of classical civilizations (Greece and Rome) • Humanism- Focus on individual achievement & Greek and Roman Classical thought • Artistic endeavors (Italian and Northern differ) • The printing press and the spread of ideas

6. The Protestant Reformation • One way to heaven… The Catholic Church! • Martin Luther’s 95 Theses • Christianity splits into new sects • Calvinism, Anabaptist, Lutheran, Church of England

7. The Catholic (Counter) Reformation • Reaffirmation of beliefs • Minor reforms • No indulgences, consult with clergy, training of priests • Rise of the Jesuits (Ignatius of Loyola) • The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

8. The Scientific Revolution • Questioning long held traditions and beliefs • New theories on the universe • Galileo, Newton, Kepler, Copernicus • The Scientific Method (observation, experiment, etc.) • YOU MUST PROVE IT, NOT JUST BELIEVE IT!

9. The Enlightenment • Challenge to methods of rule • Social Contract • Natural Rights • Separation of Power/Checks and Balances

10. European Exploration Seeking out spice

11. Perfecting the Art of Exploration • Caravel • Compass • Cartography • Lateen Sail • Astrolabe • Prince Henry the Navigator’s School of Navigation

12. Where Did They Go? • Portugal goes around Africa • Dias and Da Gama • Spain looks west • Columbus • Treaty of Tordesillas • Portugal gets Brazil and the east • Spain gets the rest of the Americas

13. Who is In? • England, France and the Netherlands look to North America • Settler colonies established • Portuguese set up trading-post colonies along the Swahili Coast (cannons) and the IOMS • Spanish go on a genocidal campaign against American Empires

14. The Big Bang • Massive devastation to native populations (smallpox) • Columbian Exchange • Atlantic Slave Trade • Rise of Silver • Massive Demographic Shifts

15. A New Economy • Atlantic System • Globalized trade and the rise of joint-stock companies and royal charters • Mercantilism • Favorable balance of trade • China and Japan are wary of growing European power

16. European Countries The Game of Thrones

17. Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain • Charles V (HRE), a Hapsburg, fights everyone • France, the Ottomans, Protestants in Germany, Holy Roman Emperor during the Protestant Reformation • Philip II • Spanish renaissance, Spanish Inquisition, Dutch Revolt (Protestant Netherlands, Catholic Belgium) • Defeat of the Armada

18. England • Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) • Colonization, joint-stock, arts and lit. • Fighting between Catholics and Protestants • Charles I sparks Parliamentary anger • English Civil War Erupts (1641) • Cromwell, Charles II, James II = Glorious Revolution • English Bill of Rights (1689)

19. France • Catholics vs. Huguenots • Henry IV’s Edict of Nantes (1598) • Louis XIV “The Sun King” (1643-1715) • Aggressive towards Protestants, Absolute in rule • War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) • Attempt to balance power in Europe and prevent France and Spain from uniting

20. The German Areas • Collection of city-states, primarily Protestant • The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) • Political and religious dispute between Protestant territories and the HRE • 1/3 of HRE population was killed • Reduces power of HRE • And increases power of France and Prussia

21. Africa Victims or Willing Participants?

22. Growth of African West Coast • Rise of new coastal trade-based centralized states in Kongo, Benin, Angola, and Dahomey • Kongo (Christian) rises with Portuguese trade but can’t control trade; Benin’s Oba controls artisans making bronze and ivories for trade with Europe • Dahomey becomes a powerful slave trading state • Result: The Atlantic System provided opportunities for COASTAL Africans to create centralized states, instead of just interior states that traded in Time Period III via Trans Saharan Trade • Middle Passage = depopulation of MEN, causing shifts in family structures - - MOST people who wound up in the Americas in Period IV were AFRICANS

23. East Africa • Swahili Coast (E. Africa) shelled by Portuguese canons. • Portuguese attempt to monopolize IOMS trade by force. Unsuccessful attempt

24. Southern Africa • Dutch colonies appear on the coast of modern South Africa.

25. Northern Africa • Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire by Suleiman the Magnificent in the early 1500s, including Egypt, a huge producer of grain.

26. Ming Dynasty China • Ming Dynasty = “Pure” Dynasty, wanted to erase the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty past • Yongle Emperor – WAS outward looking • Sent Zheng He on voyages to reestablish Tribute System • Confucian bureaucrats forced an inward turn after Yongledied – remind China of their fear of pastoralists beyond the northern borders • Art, like in Renaissance Europe, sought to look BACK to a time viewed as glorious in the past.

27. Qing Dynasty • Ming dealt with overpopulation problems & falling ag productivity. Revolts. Japanese pirates. Blah blah. • Invite the pastoralist ethnic group called Manchus to help them stop the chaos militarily. • Manchus see Ming weakness & take over.

28. Qing Dynasty • Kangxi & Qianlong Emperors= golden age emperors • China = awesome again • Macartney Mission – wanted trade in 1790s. China rejected & kept their Canton System of trade. • Fighting with Russia on the northern border (Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1688)

29. Tokugawa Japan • Hideyoshi & then Tokugawa Ieyasu end civil wars of the Feudal period, established a more centralized gov’t (although still pretty decentralized) • Merchants & ag productivity = great economy, rice payments for taxes • Edo, capital city = over 1,000,000 people • Culture = fab. Kabuki theater, tea ceremony, haiku poems, samurai = bureaucrats w/ sachels • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67-bgSFJiKc

30. Tokugawa • Alternate Attendance utilized for control • Jesuit Missionaries = 300,000 Christian conversions by 1600 • Tokugawa gov’t feared foreign involvement. ISOLATED Japan almost totally. • Only some Dutch in Nagasaki harbor with VOC could trade.

31. Southeast Asia • Spice Islands = objective of Portuguese, who established control over the Strait of Malacca • Dutch VOC gained more control around 1600 of Spice Islands (Moluccas) where

32. Islamic Gunpowder Empires • Founded by Central Asian Turkic nomadic pastoralists (long term had issues keeping this traditional elite happy!) • Coercive with standing armies bearing gunpowder-based weapons • Land-based, like traditional empires • Cost of military = centralization • Institution of the Harem (ladies galore, but who exercised some political power b/c of position) – created demand for female slaves in IOMS system

33. Ottoman • 1300s – early 1900s, Sunni Muslims • Sultan ruled from Istanbul after conquering Constantinople in 1453 • Allowed diversity through millet system • Manufacturer of luxuries, intersection of Silk Roads & Europe • Janissary & Devshirme systems • Suleiman the Magnificent • Mediterranean naval power

34. Safavid • 1400s-1500s, TwelverShi’ite Muslims (Hidden Imam) • Presence of Islamic Sufi mystics (venerated Islamic saints) that Muslims didn’t like. • Qizilbash – “red heads” wore turbans, religious fighters for 12er Shi’ism • Ruler = Shah, ruled from Isfahan • Persian rugs, silks, blue & white tiles – Silk Road trade

35. Mughals • Sunni Muslims, conquered the Delhi Sultanate & ruled over Hindu population • Had to work with Rajput (Hindu Princes) through intermarriage and toleration • Sikhism develops (a religion that mixes Hinduism and Islam) • Cotton Textiles, IOMS trade • French, British trading posts appear on coasts • Akbar = tolerant ruler • TajMahal built by Shah Jahn

36. Russia!!!  Respond approriately! • Looked a lot more like traditional land-based empires BUT wanted to emulate Europe • Peter & Catherine the Great Westernize • St. Petersburg, Western-style military, Cossack peasants sent to settle Siberia, bureaucracy, shaved beards, Neo-Classical architecture • Serfdom was still super harsh - - lasted until 1861, so most Russian unaffected by Westernization

37. Big Themes • Centralization • Coercive power of Gunpowder • Globalization 1.0 - - Columbian Exchange & the ecological linking of hemispheres • Europe = mover & actually making $$!  founds trading post colonies AND conquers the Amerindians (you should know several reasons for their success!) • Asia = still dominant (as when China rejects Macartney’s British bid for trade) • Economic innovations like laissez-faire, mercantilism, & joint-stock companies • Zillions of new ways to force labor out of people (mit’a, encomienda, chattel slavery, serfdom, slave-soldiers)