Advances in Energy Studies Porto Venere, 24-28 September 2002

1. Advances in Energy Studies Porto Venere, 24-28 September 2002 CO2 capture and storage (with emphasis on PEACS project of UCE for the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme) Erik Lysen Utrecht Centre for Energy research (UCE)

2. Contents • Introduction • Basics of CO2 capture and storage • The PEACS study • Approach • Results

3. Introduction • CO2 capture and storage is additional option for reduction of emissions (first: energy efficiency, renewables, fuel switching) • Focus on large point sources of CO2: hydrogen, ammonia plants (often pure CO2) and power plants (4% to 15% CO2)

4. CO2 capture • Capture technology: solvent scrubbing (amines), membranes, adsorption • CO2 capture in power plants reduces efficiency: • Nat. gas CC: 56% => 47% (370 => 60 g/kWh) • Coal fired: 46% => 33% (720 => 150 g/kWh) • Gasif. CC: 46%=> 38% (710 => 130 g/kWh) Source: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, IEA/OECD, 2000

5. CO2 capture costs • CO2 capture increases capital costs plants: NGCC: 100%, coal: 80%, IGCC: 50% • Cost of electricity generation increases: • NGCC: + 1 USct/kWh • Coal: + 2.5 USct/kWh • IGCC: + 2 USct/kWh • Cost avoided emissions: US$ 30-50/tonne of CO2 Source: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, IEA/OECD, 2000

6. CO2 storage potential • Depleted oil and gas reservoirs: 920 Gt CO2 (45% of world emissions until 2050) (EOR standard: 33 Mt/yr in 74 projects) • Deep saline aquifers: 400 - 10000 Gt CO2 (20 to 500% of world emissions until 2050) (Norwegian Sleipner field: 1 Mt/yr) • Unmineable coal beds: > 15 Gt CO2 (ECBM: 2 CO2 fixed => 1 CH4 free) • Deep ocean: ?? Source: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, IEA/OECD, 2000

7. Subject PEACS study • Capture: select high purity sources, world-wide (hydrogen, ammonia, no power plants) • Transmission: limit to 50 or 100 km • Injection/storage: - world-wide oilfields: EOR options - world-wide coal fields: ECBM options • PEACS (Project Early Application Carbon dioxide Storage): Select best combination Source: PEACS Study, UCE, for IEA-GHG, 2002

8. Approach • Start with existing inventory CO2 sources (14652 sources: IEA GHG study by Ecofys) • Use inventories of oil and coal fields • Produce “long list” of 198 “pre-selected sources” with >40% CO2 and > 0.1 MT/yr • Econ. + MCA: short list 30 combinations • With IEA GHG: select 4 cases

9. Cumulative CO2 emission of sources

10. Pre-selection of sources • Minimum percentage of 40% CO2 in waste stream: 443 sources, plus 20 hydrogen plants (8-100%) • Minimum CO2 emission of 100,000 tonnes per year: 198 sources remain • These are called: “pre-selected sources”

11. Geographical distribution pre-selected sources

12. Distance grid to sources

13. Oil occurrences

14. Opportunities for EOR

15. Combining CO2 sources and EOR sinks

16. Results • Long list with: - 62 sources with 409 EOR combinations - 58 sources with 78 ECBM combinations • Initial selection procedure and Multi Criteria Analysis: short list with 15 EOR and 15 ECBM • Final selection: 2 EOR and 2 ECBM

17. Final four cases

18. EOR costs

19. ECBM costs