World War I – “War to win all Wars” 1914-1919

1. World War I – “War to win all Wars” 1914-1919

2. Causes • Imperialism- policy of extending rule over another country • Nationalism- extreme pride of loyalty toward one’s country • Militarism- buildup of military arms in preparation for (Armament-the process preparing for war) • Industrialism- competition for trade and products: increased capacity to mass produce new and deadly weapons.

3. New Weapons • Machine guns, tanks, battleships, submarines, airplanes, blimps, poison gas, trench warfare, land mines, bombs and grenades.

4. Event that started the war (spark) ** Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to the Austria-Hungary throne) and his wife Sophie. They were visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia, killed by Serbian rebels, Austria declares war on Serbia (June 28th 1914)

6. Alliance: agreement between two countries that if one is attacked, all will fight. • Allied Powers: Serbia, Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, Italy (1915), and the U.S. (1917). • Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria

8. Most of the fighting took place in Europe (France) • At time when the war first started, America abided by a policy of Isolationism- policy of not getting involved in the affairs of other countries. • Woodrow Wilson however did support Great Britain and France by sending weapons and supplies, yet no troops.

9. Reasons the U.S. entered WWI- 1917 1. Unrestricted submarine warfare: German U-Boats firing on U.S. ships for helping Great Britain. 2. Sinking of the Lusitania- British passenger liner with 128 American on board . 1, 198 total passengers killed.

11. 3. British Propaganda: exaggerated stories showing German atrocities Propaganda- ideas, facts, or rumors spread deliberately to further a cause. 4. Zimmerman Plot: German foreign minister sent a telegraph to Mexico to encourage them to enter the war against the U.S. they offered them Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if Germany should win (Intercepted by British Intelligence) Thus, U.S. declared war on Germany.

13. Fighting the war • Doughboys: train for 3 months to become soldiers • American Expeditionary force-US troops (Yanks) • US general: John Pershing • Supreme Allied Commander (French)- Ferdinand Foch (Fosh) • Selective Service Act- draft (ages 18-45)

14. Sacrifices at Home • Buy Liberty bonds, Victory Bonds- war bonds

15. Continue Sacrifices at Home • Hooverize- “serving just enough” • Wheat less Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays, Pork less Thursdays • Victory gardens- for citizens to plant their own vegetables • Income and corporate taxes- 2%

16. US - preparedness • A military force of only 200,000 men. • No tanks, lacked air force. • Only enough ammunition for nine hours bombardment.

17. WWI Battles #1. Chateau- Thierry- (sha-toe-tyuh-ree) • Germany attempted to capture Paris. • 270,000 U.S. troops attack Germans at Marne River (50 miles from Paris) victory U.S.

18. #2. St. Michael: German effort to hold on half million U.S. troops win battle in 48 hrs. #3. Agronne Forest: U.S. troops had to go through barbed wire, steel, and concrete barriers- “meat grinder offensive” – worst fighting took place here, most losses.

19. Brest-Litovsk Treaty • Russia leaves the war. Germany helps Vladmir Lenin to overthrow and murder Czar Nicholas II and family (Bolshevik Revolution), Russia lost territory but removed the German Army.

20. Armistice Day • Armistice: cease-fire • Germany surrenders • At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month, 1918 (Modern Day Veteran’s Day

21. Treaty of Versailles • Blamed Germany • Germany had to pay large war reparations (debt, or war damages) to the amount of $33 billion, far beyond Germany financial means. • Most humiliating was that the treaty had required Germany to acknowledge the guilt of the outbreak of the War. • Foreign troops remained overseas • Germany’s army was dismantled, and had to give up territory.