Transformations in the 1960s: New Deal to Great Society

1. The Swinging Sixties(1960-1968) Unit 9B AP U.S. History

2. Think About It • Compare and contrast the objectives of the New Deal and Great Society. • Compare and contrast the initiatives and goals of Civil Rights leaders and groups, such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X.

3. John F. Kennedy (D) Catholic Lyndon Johnson as VP Richard Nixon (R) First nationally televised debate Election of 1960

4. John F. Kennedy (D) (1961-1963) • New Frontier • Expansion of social welfare • Clean Air Act (1963) • Peace Corps • “Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.” • 23rd Amendment (1961) • Electoral votes for D.C. • Social and Cultural Developments • Civil Rights Movement • Freedom Rides • Stand in the Schoolhouse Door (June 1963) • March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963) • Feminism • The Feminine Mystique (1963) • Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962) • Foreign Developments • Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) • Berlin Wall • Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

5. John F. Kennedy (D) (1961-1963) Flexible Response and Foreign Policy Initiatives • Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara • Stages of Flexible Response • Direct Defense • Deliberate Escalation • General Nuclear Response • Alliance for Progress (1961) • Economic cooperation with Latin America • Peace Corps (1961) • American University Speech (1963) • Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)

6. Kennedy (1961-1963)Berlin Wall • Berlin Crisis (1961) • Berlin Wall (1961) • Checkpoint Charlie • “Ich Bin Ein Berliner” (1963) Premier Nikita Khrushchev and JFK (1961)

7. Kennedy (1961-1963)Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 1961) • CIA-trained Cuban exiles to invade and overthrow Castro’s Cuba • Alpha 66 • Planned air assault by U.S. bombers and 1,400-member ground invasion force • Botched operation led to over a 118 killed and 1,202 taken prison • "Thanks for Playa Girón. Before the invasion, the revolution was weak. Now it's stronger than ever” – Che Guevara letter to Kennedy at OAS in August 1961 • Operation Mongoose (1962) • CIA covert operation intended to overthrow Castro • Attempted bizarre and unsuccessful plans to assassinate Castro and launch a revolution

8. Kennedy (1961-1963)Cuban Missile Crisis • U.S. antagonism over Cuba emboldened the Cuban-Soviet relationship • Soviet Union provided Cuban military equipment • Soviet Union placed medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuba • U-2 spy planes uncovered the missile sites and Russian ships headed to Cuba • Kennedy’s Actions • Kennedy orders a “quarantine” – a naval blockade in international waters • Kennedy addresses the nation of the situation • Negotiations and Aftermath • Soviet Union removes nuclear missiles from Cuba • United States removes Jupiter missiles from Turkey and Italy* • United States promises to not invade Cuba • Nuclear hotline and reduced Cold War tensions

9. Kennedy’s New Frontier • Initiatives • Propose tax cuts to encourage private investment • Address poverty in America and provide poor Americans with jobs • Proposed increased investment in education • Address civil rights issues such as discrimination, segregation, and voting rights • Proposed increased funding for space programs • Opposition • Close election meant limited mandate for Kennedy • Republicans in Senate criticized deficit spending • Southern Democrats in Senate challenged civil rights initiatives • “Beyond that frontier are uncharted areas of science and space, unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered problems of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus.”

10. Kennedy’s Assassination • Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 • Lyndon B. Johnson assumes office • Warren Commission • Investigations and hearings ruled Lee Harvey Oswald as lone assassin • Conspiracy theories led to doubt of federal government • Zapruder film JFK moments before his assassination in Dallas LBJ takes oath of office on Air Force One; Jackie Kennedy to the right. Lee Harvey Oswald shot by Jack Ruby

11. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969) • Great Society • War on Poverty • 24th Amendment (1964) • Poll taxes unconstitutional • 25th Amendment (1967) • Presidential succession • Social and Cultural Developments • Civil Rights Movement • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • March to Selma (March 1965) • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Counterculture Movement • Free Speech Movement (1964) • Woodstock Music Festival (1969) • Feminism • National Organization for Women (NOW) (1966) • Foreign Developments • Vietnam • Gulf of Tonkin Incident

12. Poverty in America

13. War on Poverty Economic Opportunity Act/Office of Economic Opportunity Job Corps Vocational training for young people Community Action Program Food Stamp Act (1964) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Civil Rights Legislation Civil Rights Act of 1964 Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin in public accommodations Voting Rights Act of 1965 Prohibits racial discrimination in voting Prohibits literacy tests Civil Rights Act of 1964 Prohibits discrimination in housing opportunities Immigration Immigration Act of 1965 Abolished the national origins and quota system Education Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) Head Start (1965) Preschool education for low-income children Higher Education Act (1965) Bilingual Education Act (1968) Health Care Medicare Health services for elderly Medicaid Health services for low-income families Housing Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Department of Transportation National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act Safety belts, redesigns for protection, drunk driving awareness Environmental Protection Wilderness Act Endangered Species Act Cultural Promotion National Historic Preservation National Endowment for the Arts AND the Humanities Public broadcasting (PBS) and public radio (NPR) Consumer Protection Fair Packaging and Labeling Act Wholesome Meat Act Child Safety Act Truth-in-Lending Act Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969)The Great Society

14. Great SocietyWar on Poverty • Economic Opportunity Act/Office of Economic Opportunity • Job Corps • Community Action Program • Project Head Start • Food Stamp Act • Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

15. Great SocietyHealth Care • Medicare • Medical assistance, coverage, and insurance for American elderly • Medicaid • Health care for low-income families and individuals

16. Great SocietyEducation • Elementary and Secondary Education Act • Federal funding toward state and local school districts • Higher Education Act • Pell grants and student financial aid • Bilingual Education Act

17. Election of 1964 • Democrats • Lyndon B. Johnson • Daisy Ad • Republicans • Barry Goldwater • Criticized welfare state policies

18. The Warren Court (1953-1969) • Equality • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Baker v. Carr (1962) • Criminal Justice • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) • Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) • First Amendment • Engel v. Vitale (1962) • Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) • Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) • New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) • Privacy • Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

19. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969)Vietnam • North Vietnam • Ho Chi Minh • People’s Army of Vietnam aka North Vietnamese Army (NVA) • Used conventional military means • South Vietnam • Ngo Dinh Diem and his assassination • National Liberation Front (NLF) aka Viet Cong • Guerilla tactics • U.S. Involvement • Military advisors and CIA operatives

20. VietnamGulf of Tonkin (1964) • Incident • Alleged attack on U.S.S. Maddox by North Vietnamese torpedo boats • President Johnson described it as an unprovoked attack in international waters • Resolution • Congress authorized President Johnson "to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom" Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara points out action in Gulf of Tonkin during a briefing at the Pentagon. (Photo by Bob Schultz/AP)

21. VietnamEscalation • General William Westmoreland • U.S. commitment to winning • U.S. mount major offensives to destroy guerillas and organized enemy • Why We Are In Vietnam • Operation Rolling Thunder • Gradual and sustained aerial bombing of North Vietnamese targets • March 1965 to October 1968 • Designed to force NVA to accept non-communist South Vietnam and weaken Viet Cong

22. VietnamTet Offensive (1968) • Coordinated attacks and assaults by NVA and Viet Cong on populated areas with major U.S. troop presence • U.S. and South Vietnamese successful counterattack • Impact • American public opinion increasingly anti-war

23. Vietnam Draft • Conscription • Draft Lottery (1969-1973) • Based on birthdays • Socioeconomic breakdown • 55% from lower class/working class • 20% from middle class • Draft Dodging • Deferments • Burning draft cards

24. VietnamHawks vs. Doves • Hawks • General Curtis LeMay • “My solution to the problem would be to tell [the North Vietnamese Communists] frankly that they've got to draw in their horns and stop their aggression or we're going to bomb them into the Stone Age. And we would shove them back into the Stone Age with Air power or Naval power—not with ground forces.” • Doves • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) • Martin Luther King Jr. • Muhammad Ali • Give Peace a Chance • Burning of draft cards • Clashes • Syracuse • Republican National Convention ‘72

25. Vietnam Through Music Okie from Muskogee The Fightin’ Side of Me Master of War Blowin’ in the Wind Merle Haggard Bob Dylan

26. Johnson & Vietnam (1963-1969)War and Tragedy 1969 1965 1966 1972 1973 1974

27. VietnamBy the Numbers and Public Opinion • Estimated Number of U.S. Combat Troops • End of 1965: 200,000 • End of 1966: 389,000 • U.S. Combat Troop Casualties • Total Deaths: 58,193 • Deaths in 1968: 16,592 • African-American Death % - 12.5% (11% of total U.S. population) • Vietnamese Deaths • Ranges between 1 to 3 million

28. Vietnam Protests Self-immolation was an extreme form of protest. Here, Buddhist monk, Thich Quang Duc, before the U.S. escalation. A few Americans engaged in this extreme act of protest during Vietnam.

29. Space Race • Kennedy’s Race to the Moon • Apollo Program • Apollo 11 (1969) • “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” - Neil Armstrong

30. Postwar Reconstruction 13th Amendment end slavery 15th Amendment black suffrage Freedmen’s Bureau Ku Klux Klan and White League Disenfranchisement Plessy v. Ferguson Separate, but equal Jim Crow Laws in the South Progressive Era Gains Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois NAACP and National Urban League Great Migration 1920s Setbacks and Hope Race riots after WWI Lynchings KKK returns Marcus Garvey Harlem Renaissance 1930s Developments New Deal Coalition New Deal provided some relief programs Limited civil rights legislation Civil Rights MovementBackground

31. Civil Rights MovementBrown v. Board of Education (1954) • Decision • We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? • We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. • Cited white and black dolls psychological experiment • Brown v. Board II (1955) • “with all deliberate speed”

32. The South Reacts • The Southern Manifesto (1956) • 99 Southern U.S. Representatives and Senators sign • Drafted by Strom Thurmond (D-SC) and Richard Russell (D-GA) • Lyndon Johnson (D-TX) and Albert Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver (D-TN) refuse to sign • "The unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law." • "This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding." • Little Rock Nine (1957) • Governor OrvalFaubus ordered Arkansas National Guard to block integration of Central High • President Eisenhower federalized Arkansas National Guard and sent the 101st Airborne to integrate • Stand at Schoolhouse Door (1963) • Integration of University of Alabama • Governor George Wallace • “Segregation Now…”

33. Civil Rights MovementMontgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks (Dec. 1, 1955) • Segregation on Montgomery, AL buses • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956) • Supreme Court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional

34. Civil Rights MovementMartin Luther King Jr. • Passive Resistance • Bayard Rustin • "Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity.” • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) • Network of churches to organize non-violent civil rights demonstrations

35. Tragedies for Civil Rights • Emmett Till • Lynched and brutally murdered in Mississippi (August 28, 1955) • Open-casket funeral • Murderers were acquitted • Medgar Evers • NAACP civil rights activist • Murdered by Byron De La Beckwith of the White Citizens’ Council (June 12, 1963) • 16th Street Baptist Church (Sunday, September 15, 1963) • Four Klansmen planted dynamite • Bombing killed four female children (11-14 years old)

36. Civil Rights MovementSit Ins • Greensboro, NC – February 1, 1960 • Woolworth’s whites-only lunch counter • Initiated by college students from historically black colleges • Movement spread across the South and involved over 70,000 students • CORE and SCLC training

37. Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Founding inspired by the sit-ins and serve as a youth wing of the SCLC • Decisions based on participatory democracy and consensus • Organized sit-ins, Freedom Rides, voter registration drives • “By 1965, SNCC fielded the largest staff of any civil rights organization in the South. It had organized nonviolent direct action against segregated facilities, as well as voter-registration projects, in Alabama, Arkansas, Maryland, Missouri, Louisiana, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi; built two independent political parties and organized labor unions and agricultural cooperatives; and given the movement for women's liberation new energy. It inspired and trained the activists who began the "New Left." It helped expand the limits of political debate within Black America, and broadened the focus of the civil rights movement. Unlike mainstream civil rights groups, which merely sought integration of Blacks into the existing order, SNCC sought structural changes in American society itself”. - Julian Bond

38. Civil Rights MovementFreedom Rides • C.O.R.E-organized bus rides to provoke enforcement of desegregation of buses • Encountered white southern violence in South Carolina and Alabama • Led to desegregation order from ICC

39. Civil Rights MovementBirmingham Campaign • SCLC • Martin Luther King Jr. • Involvement of student demonstrators • Birmingham Police Department • Eugene “Bull” Connor • High-pressure water hoses, attack dogs • Letter from Birmingham Jail • “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly… Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.”

40. Civil Rights MovementMarch on Washington • March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (August 28, 1963) • Estimates of 250,000 people • I Have a Dream

41. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • President Lyndon Johnson • Hubert Humphrey (D-MN) • Lead author of the bill • Everett Dirksen (R-IL) • Senate Minority Leader • Richard Russell (D-GA) • Led the Southern Bloc to filibuster the bill • Included Strom Thurmond (D-SC) • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Prohibited racial discrimination in employment and education • Prohibited segregation in public facilities and accommodations • Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

42. Civil Rights MovementSelma March (1965) • SCLC and SNCC attempts to register voters in the South meet resistance • From Selma to Montgomery (Alabama) • Blood Sunday (March 7) • “There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northern problem. There is only an American problem,…Their cause must be our cause too. Because it is not just Negros, but really it is all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice. And we shall overcome.” – President Lyndon Johnson • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Prohibited racial discrimination in voting • Outlawed literacy tests • Authorized DOJ to review any voting laws in Southern states

43. Civil Rights MovementAmerican Public Opinion

44. Civil Rights MovementMalcolm X • In association with the Nation of Islam, promoted black separatism, black nationalism, black supremacy • Did not support the non-violence approach of Martin Luther King Jr. • Message to the Grass Roots (1963) • The Ballot of the Bullet (1964) • Became disillusioned with the Nation of Islam and growing black militancy • Assassinated in 1965 by members of the Nation of Islam

45. Civil Rights MovementBlack Power • Movement with a goal of self-determination for African-Americans • Emphasized racial pride, defense against racism and segregation • Break from mainstream civil rights movement • Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) and SNCC • Crisis and Commitment Statement

46. Black Panthers • Huey Newton and Bobby Seale • Ten-Point Program • Promote black power and self-defense • Intended to protect African-American neighborhoods from police brutality • Establish working class unity across color and gender lines • Survival Programs • Free Breakfast for Children Program • Free medical clinics • Home economics classes

47. Civil Rights MovementUrban Riots • Los Angeles (1965) • Watts neighborhood • 34 deaths, over 1000 injured • Detroit (1967) • National guard and federal troops and tanks sent • 43 deaths, over 1000 injured

48. Civil Rights MovementKerner Commission • President Lyndon Johnson creates 11-member commission to investigate urban riots • Conclusions and Recommendations • Government investment in revitalizing urban neighborhoods, improve police relations, end housing and job discrimination • Institutional and systemic racism for black unrest • Criticism of national media coverage of race relations • Johnson ignored the report

49. Counterculture: New LeftStudents for a Democratic Society (SDS) • Port Huron Statement (1962) • “We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit.” • Goals • Participatory democracy • Supported civil rights and opposed white supremacy • Anti-establishment; opposed imperial war • Weathermen • A violent radical faction of SDS

50. Counterculture: New Left • Free Speech Movement (1964-1965) • University of California - Berkeley • "But we're a bunch of raw materials that don't mean to be—have any process upon us. Don't mean to be made into any product! Don't mean—Don't mean to end up being bought by some clients of the University, be they the government, be they industry, be they organized labor, be they anyone! We're human beings!...There's a time when the operation of the machine becomes so odious—makes you so sick at heart—that you can't take part. You can't even passively take part. And you've got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels, upon the levers, upon all the apparatus, and you've got to make it stop. And you've got to indicate to the people who run it, to the people who own it, that unless you're free, the machine will be prevented from working at all.” – Mario Savio • Columbia Student Revolt (1968) • School’s link to U.S. Defense Department think tank • Alleged building of a segregated gymnasium facility