Coordinating Conjunctions Rule 32a

1. CoordinatingConjunctionsRule 32a

2. Find The Error • It was raining outside so I decided to grab my umbrella. • I wanted to eat the pizza but I couldn’t because of my tooth ache. • I tried to study for my testbut there was too much noise.

3. Rule • “When a coordinating conjunction connects two or more independent clauses- word groups that might have been punctuated as separate sentences-a comma must be used. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.” • Examples: “Nearly everyone has heard of love at first sight,but I fell in love at first dance.” “Along the walls were glass cubicles, and partitions ran down the middle of the room.

4. Corrections from “Find the Error” • It was raining outside, so I decided to grab my umbrella. ^ • I wanted to eat the pizza, but I couldn’t because of my tooth ache. ^ • I tried to study for my test,but there was too much noise. ^

5. Additional Practice • I went to the grocery store but forgot to grab a loaf of bread. • I went to hunting to catch a deer but came home with a pheasant instead. • The temperature in the hotel was 76 degrees yet everyone in the room was still cold.

6. Corrections for Additional Practice • I went to the grocery store but forgot to grab a loaf of bread. (correct) • I went hunting to catch a deer but came home with a pheasant instead. (correct) • The temperature in the hotel was 76 degrees, yet everyone in the room was still cold. ^

7. Final Side Note • Be careful that a comma isn’t put in a sentence to separate coordinate word groups that aren’t independent clauses. • Example: “A good money manager controls expenses, and invests surplus dollars to meet future needs.” The red comma is incorrectly used. Can you explain why?

8. Comma Rules 32-b

9. Find the Error • Knowing that Kevin had basketball practice he brought his tennis shoes to school. • If they want to win athletes must exercise every day. • Because he kept barking we threw the ball for Patches.

10. Rule • Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase. • CLUE: Introductory clauses usually start with adverbs (which in this usage in a dependent clause makes them subordinating conjunctions) like after, although, as, because, before, if, since, though, until, when, etc.

11. Corrections for “Find the Error” • Knowing that Kevin had basketball practice, he brought his tennis shoes to school. • If they want to win, athletes must exercise every day. • Because he kept barking, we threw the ball for Patches.

12. Additional Practice • As the boat turned about a dozen dolphins began to follow it. • When he was in high school he was known only as an athlete. • Making up his mind quickly Jared ordered lasagna while we were still reading the menu.

13. Corrections for “Additional Practice” • As the boat turned, about a dozen dolphins began to follow it. • When he was in high school, he was known only as an athlete. • Making up his mind quickly, Jared ordered lasagna while we were still reading the menu.

14. Comma Rule 32-C

15. Find The Error My uncle willed me all of his property, houses and warehouses. The activities include a search for lost treasure, dubious financial dealings, and much discussion of ancient heresies.

16. Rule: Use a comma between all items in a series.

17. Corrections • My uncle willed me all of his property, houses, and warehouses • The activities include a search for lost treasure, dubious financial dealings, and much discussion of ancient heresies.

18. Additional insight • When three or more items are presented in a series, those items should be separated from one another with commas. Items in a series may be single words, phrases, or clauses. • Although some writers view the comma between the last two items as optional, most agree that it is better to put it in because its omission can result in ambiguity or misreading.

19. More Practice • I couldn’t believe how much the restaurant charged us for a coke, garlic bread and spaghetti and meatballs. • Her favorite meals were pizza lasagna and chicken and dumplings.

20. 32-D • Coordinate and Cumulative Adjectives

21. Spot the Error • We were prepared for a long, tedious, planning session. • Allen owns several blue, wool sweaters. • Brooke read three, small, books last week.

22. Rule-Use a comma between coordinate adjectives not joined by and. Do not use a comma between cumulative adjectives. *Adjectives are coordinate if they can be joined with and or if they can be scrambled. Therefore, you need commas to separate them when they appear in succession. Example: Mother has become a strong, confident, independent woman. (strong and confident and independent)

23. 32-D Cont’d *Adjectives that do not modify the noun separately are cumulative. (no comma) Example: Three large gray shapes moved slowly toward us. (Gray modifies shapes, large modifies gray shapes, and three modifies large gray shapes.)

24. Rule Cont’d The word and cannot be inserted between cumulative adjectives. (three and large and gray shapes) Nor can they be scrambled (gray three large shapes)

25. Spot the Error Corrections • We were prepared for a long, tedious planning session. -There should not be a comma between tedious and planning because we cannot say “planning, tedious session” or “a tedious and planning session.

26. Corrections Cont. 2.Allen owns several blue wool sweaters. –There should not need to be a comma between blue and wool because it would not be right to say “wool blue sweaters” or “blue and wool sweaters. 3. Brooke read three, small, books last week. --There should not be any commas in this sentence because it would be incorrect to say “three and small and books” or “books, small, three”.

27. Additional Practice • They lived in a white, frame house. • The relentless, powerful, sun beat down on them. • The strong graceful train drove by my house.

28. Corrections • They lived in a white frame house. • The relentless, powerful sun beat down on them. • The strong, graceful train drove by my house.

29. 32 EEssential/Non-Essential Elements

30. Find the Error • The store honored the complaints, that were less than 60 days old. • The boat sailed on October 25th which is the day we referred to in the contract.

31. Use commas to set off non-essential elements. Do not use commas to set off essential elements

32. Essential elements cannot be removed without drastically changing the main idea of the sentence. E.g. - The people who are most important to me will always be people I find time to help. (essential) Sandra and Kelly, who were walking by the park, saw a giant train. (non-essential)

33. Practice • The credit card is in my wallet which you can find in the kitchen drawer • The 1964 Ford Mustang which propelled Lee Iacocca to the top of the automobile industry is now considered a classic

34. More Practice • Norman Mailer’s first novel The Naked and the Dead was a best-seller.

35. Correct • The store honored the complaints that were less than 60 days old. • The boat that sailed on October 25 is the one to which we referred in the contract.

36. Correct • The credit card is in my wallet, which you can find in the kitchen drawer. • The 1964 Ford Mustang, which propelled Lee Iacocca to the top of the automobile industry, is now considered a classic.

37. Correct • Norman mailer’s first novel, The Naked and The Dead, was a best-seller. • The song “ Fire It Up” was blasted out of amplifier ten feet tall.

38. Additional Practice • My father told the woman, who called yesterday, that I was not home. • Dick Prosser the protagonist of Wolfe’s “Child By Tiger” suffers a mental breakdown at the end. • The song, “Fire It Up,” was blasted out of the amplifiers ten feet tall.

39. Correct • My father told the woman who called yesterday that I was not home • Dick Prosser, the protagonist of Wolfe’s “Child By Tiger,” suffers a mental breakdown at the end. • The Song “Fire It Up” was blasted out of the Amplifiers ten feet tall.

40. 32-F

41. Spot The Error • Driving on major highways for example is four times more dangerous than flying. • Ann headed this way, however, she did not see me. • The rules of basketball as far as we know do not allow that kind of contact.

42. Rule: Use commas to set off transitions, conjunctive adverbs, and parenthetical expressions. • Transitions are bridges between sentences or parts of sentences. For example, in other words, in fact, in the first place, and as a matter of fact are common examples. • As a matter of fact, American football was established by fans who wanted to play a more organized game of rugby. • Celery, for example, contains more sodium than most people would imagine.

43. Conjunctive adverbs include however, therefore, furthermore, moreover, nevertheless, thus, and consequently. • When such words are used between independent clauses, they are preceded by a semicolon and are usually followed by a comma. Otherwise they are usually separated from the rest of the sentence with commas. • The prospective babysitter was very kind; however, she was busy every Saturday for a month. • The major benefit of flex-time to working parents, however, is the opportunity to spend more time with their children.

44. EXCEPTION: If a transition or conjunctive adverb blends smoothly with the rest of the sentence, calling for little or no pause in reading, it does not need to be set off with a comma. Expressions such as also, at least, certainly, consequently, indeed, of course, moreover, no doubt, perhaps, then, and therefore do not necessarily call for a pause. • Bill’s typewriter is broken; you will therefore need to borrow Sue’s.

45. Expressions that are distinctly parenthetical should be set off with commas. Providing supplemental comments or information, they interrupt the flow of a sentence or appear as afterthoughts. • Evolution, so far as we know, doesn’t work this way.

46. “Spot The Error” Corrections • Driving on major highways,for example, is four times more dangerous than flying. • Ann headed this way; however, she did not see me. • The rules of basketball, as far as we know, do not allow that kind of contact.

47. Additional Practice • No one I believe should ever be homeless in this country. • One toothpaste according to experts is generally the same as another. • Unlike other years, we will have an early spring I expect this year.

48. Additional Practice Corrections • No one, I believe, should ever be homeless in this country. • One toothpaste, according to experts, is generally the same as another. • Unlike other years, we will have an early spring,I expect,this year.

49. 32g- Commas to set off absolute phrases.

50. Find the error • Maggie left the game early her stomach nauseated to the point of sickness. • His family exhausted from the public scrutiny Richard will not seek a second term this year. • Kellie is applying to veterinary school her love for animals being her inspiration.