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DIVIDED BY WAR

DIVIDED BY WAR. 1861-1865. THE SECESSION CRISIS. LINCOLN’S ELECTION LEADS SO. CAROLINA TO SECEDE DEC. 20TH 1860 QUESTION: WOULD OTHER STATES FOLLOW?. THE CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE DEC. 1860. JOHN CRITTENDEN (KY) PROPOSES A COMPROMISE A SERIES OF CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS.

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DIVIDED BY WAR

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  1. DIVIDED BY WAR 1861-1865

  2. THE SECESSION CRISIS • LINCOLN’S ELECTION LEADS SO. CAROLINA TO SECEDE • DEC. 20TH 1860 • QUESTION: WOULD OTHER STATES FOLLOW?

  3. THE CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE DEC. 1860 • JOHN CRITTENDEN (KY) PROPOSES A COMPROMISE • A SERIES OF CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS. • HOPES TO CONVINCE SOUTH NOT TO LEAVE.

  4. THE TERMS OF THE COMPROMISE • RESTORE THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE LINE 36,30 • UNAMENDABLE AMENDMENT TO GUARANTEE SLAVERY WHERE IT EXISTS. • A SPECIAL COMMITTEE FORMED TO WORK OUT THE DEAL.

  5. REPUBLICANS & LINCOLN REJECT THE COMPROMISE. • IT WOULD VIOLATE THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM. • COMPROMISE IS DEFEATED IN COMMITTEE • LAST HOPE OF AVOIDING WAR IS GONE.

  6. SIX MORE STATES SECEDE • MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX • BEFORE LINCOLN IS INAUGURATED. • FEB. 18TH, 1861 THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA • JEFFERSON DAVIS ELECTED PRESIDENT.

  7. PRESIDENT BUCHANAN DOES NOTHING. • HE WAS A “LAME DUCK” WAITING TO LEAVE OFFICE.

  8. LINCOLN IS INAUGURATED MARCH 1861 • INAUGURAL ADDRESS TRIES TO REASSURE THE SOUTH. • “I HAVE NO POWER OR DESIRE TO END SLAVERY WHERE IT EXISTS” • LAYS RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING WAR W/ SOUTH

  9. FORT SUMTER CHARLESTON, SO CAROLINA • MAJOR ANDERSON IN COMMAND OF THE FORT. • LINCOLN TRIES TO SEND SUPPLIES. • 4:30 AM APRIL 12, 1861 GEN. BEAUREGARD OPENS FIRE. • NO ONE KILLED.

  10. LINCOLN CALLS FOR 75,000 VOLUNTEERS. • VA, AR., TN, N.C. JOIN THE CONFEDERACY • THE BORDER STATES (DE, MD, KY, & MO) REMAIN IN UNION • VITAL TO UNION SUCCESS

  11. MORE… • LINCOLN: “I HOPE GOD IS ON OUR SIDE, BUT I MUST HAVE KENTUCKY.” • LINCOLN MOVES TO HOLD MARYLAND - SUSPENDS HABEAS CORPUS • KENTUCKY REMAINS LOYAL • AS DO THE REST OF THE BORDER STATES

  12. The Southern Position • CONFIDENT OF VICTORY • FIGHTING FOR INDEPENDENCE, NOT SLAVERY. • FIGHTING FROM DEFENSIVE POSITION - ALWAYS DESIREABLE • BELIEVED YANKS WERE WEAK & WOULD QUIT

  13. THE NORTHERN POSITION • CONFIDENT OF VICTORY • NORTH HAD POPULATION AND MATERIAL ADVANTAGE • FIGHTING TO PRESERVE THE UNION - THE NOBLE CAUSE • THOUGHT SECESSIONISTS WERE TREASONOUS REBELS

  14. THE MILITARY BALANCE SHEET. • SOUTHERN MILITARY TRADITION • SOUTHERNERS HIGHLY MOTIVATED • HAD BEST OFFICERS AT START OF THE WAR. • FIGHTING ON HOME GROUND.

  15. MORE… THE NORTH • LARGER POPULATION • 4X AS MANY TROOPS • MORE FACTORIES & SUPPLIES • MOST RAILROADS IN THE NORTH • A NAVY TO BLOCKADE THE SOUTH • SCOTT’S ANACONDA PLAN CALLED FOR CONSTRICTING THE CONFEDERACY TO DEATH

  16. MobilizationCall to Arms

  17. MobilizationSupplies & Armaments

  18. CIVIL LEADERS: PRESIDENT LINCOLN • LINCOLN HAD NO SIGNIFICANT MILITARY EXPERIENCE • NOT RESPECTED BY MANY • CLEVER & WISE POLITICIAN

  19. Politics & Leadership Government Confederate President Jefferson Davis Vice President Alexander Stephens VS Union President Abraham Lincoln Vice President Andrew Johnson

  20. JEFFERSON DAVIS • POLITICAL EXPERIENCE • WEST POINT GRAD, VETERAN OF MEXICAN WAR. • SEC OF WAR • DAVIS WAS A WEAK LEADER • FURTHER WEAKENED BY GENERAL FEAR OF CENTRALIZED POWER IN SOUTH

  21. Politics & Leadership Key Military Figures Union leader of all armies Lt. General Ulysses S. Grant VS Confederate leader of all armies General Robert E. Lee

  22. MOBILIZING FOR WAR • BOTH SIDES RELY ON VOLUNTEERS • UNION PAYS BOUNTIES • “BOUNTY JUMPING” A PROBLEM • 1863 CONGRESS PASSES A DRAFT • MEN 20 TO 45

  23. MORE… • DRAFT WAS UNFAIR. • $300 COULD BUY EXEMPTION • YOU COULD HIRE A SUBSTITUTE. • SOUTH PASSED DRAFT IN 1862 • 18 TO 45 YEARS OLD. • LARGE SLAVE OWNERS EXEMPT.

  24. FUNDING THE WAR • SOUTH SOLD BONDS • 40% OF WAR COSTS • REST PAID BY PRINTING MONEY • CAUSED RUNAWAY INFLATION. • NORTH PASSED INCOME TAX • TAXED MANUFACTURED GOODS AND SOLD BONDS.

  25. MORE… • BY 1862, DAILY COST OF WAR WAS $1.75 MILLION PER DAY • NORTH PASSED THE LEGAL TENDER ACT(1862) • ISSUES PAPER MONEY CALLED “GREENBACKS” • NATIONAL BANKING ACT 1863- BANKS MUST BUY FEDERAL BONDS.

  26. MobilizationTechnology • Technology same for both sides • More accurate rifles with longer range • Deadly advances in artillery pieces • First crude submarines (South) • Beginning of trench warfare • Cavalry and Bayonets become secondary and eventually obsolete • The element of surprise is the greatest advantage

  27. North Suppress a rebellion and restore a Union Compel the South into ceasing their attempts Completely crush the war-waging capacity of the South South Fight a war of attrition Prolong the war to the point where it becomes a waste of time and money to continue Win independence by default if North does not continue Military StrategySuppression vs. Attrition

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