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Articulations

Articulations. Articulation = joint = point of contact between bones. (Joints). Joint Classification. Synarthroses Fibrous Joints. Amphiarthoses Cartilaginous. Diarthroses Synovial. Most numerous Most complex Structures joint capsule

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Articulations

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  1. Articulations Articulation = joint = point of contact between bones (Joints)

  2. Joint Classification

  3. SynarthrosesFibrous Joints

  4. AmphiarthosesCartilaginous

  5. DiarthrosesSynovial • Most numerous • Most complex • Structures • joint capsule • sleevelike encasing around bone ends to bind them together • synovial membrane • membrane lining capsule to secrete synovial fluid • bursae • cushions joints and helps tendons move • joint cavity • small space between bones • articular cartilage • hyaline cartilage covering bone ends • menisci • pads of fibrocartilage between bones • Ligaments • strong, dense, white fibrous tissue that hold bones firmly together bursae

  6. Types of Joints ellipsoidal

  7. allows only flexion and extension examples – elbow, knee knee joint largest joint, most complex, most frequently injured Uniaxial Joints permits movement around one axis and one plane • projection of one bone articulating with a ring/notch of another bone • examples - between vertebrate

  8. Biaxial Jointspermits movement around two perpendicular axes and planes • Example • thumb • only saddle joint in the body • condyle fits into an elliptical socket • Example • between radius and carpals ellipsoidal

  9. Multiaxial Joints permits movement around three or more axes and planes • most moveable joints • ball shaped head fits into concave depression • example - shoulder, hip • humeroscapular joint • most mobile joint • sacroiliac joint • hip joint • relatively flat articulating surface that allows gliding movement • example • between carpals • between tarsals • between vertebrate

  10. Multiaxial Ball and socket

  11. Multiaxial Ball and socket Multiaxial Ball and socket

  12. Herniated Discs Multiaxial Ball and socket Multiaxial Gliding

  13. Multiaxial Ball and socket Uniaxial Hinge

  14. Meniscus Normal Tear of medial meniscus

  15. ROM(Range of Motion) • __________________ • Used to determine extent of injury and progress of rehabilitation • measures range of motion (degree of angle)

  16. ____________ ROM • flexion – decreases angle, movement towards body • extension – increase angle, movement away from body • hyperextension – stretching or extending beyond anatomical position • plantar flexion – increase angle between top of foot and front of leg (point up/flex) • dorsiflexion – decrease angle between top of foot and front of leg (point down) • ABduction – move AWAY from medial plane • ADduction – move TOWARDS medial plane

  17. ____________ROM • rotation – pivoting a bone on its axis • circumduction – distal end of a body part moves in a circle • supination – hand palm side up • pronation – hand palm side down

  18. Special Movements • inversion – turn foot inward • eversion – turn foot outward • protraction – move part forward • retraction – move part backward • elevation – move part up • depression – move part down

  19. Joint Disorders • _________________(NIJD) • Osteoarthritis • Tramatic Injuries • Dislocation • Meniscus tear • Sprain • Ligament tear • Herniated disc • _________________(IJD) • Rheumatoid arthritis • Gout

  20. Joint Disorders • Osteoarthritis • Most ____________ NIJD • Wear and tear deterioration • Atrophy of ____________ cartilage • Formation of new _______ at joint surface • Most common in weight-bearing joints • Stiffness, pain, limited movement • Treat symptoms with NSAIDS

  21. Joint Disorders • ________________ • Articular surfaces not in proper contact • Torn vessels, nerves, ligaments, muscles • Pain and swelling • Treat with realignment (reduction)

  22. Joint Disorders • Meniscus Tear • One of most common athletic injuries • Swelling, pain, instability, limited motion • Treat with arthroscopic surgery

  23. Joint Disorders • ___________ • Stretching of ligaments surrounding joint • Due to twisting motion • Hematoma, limited motion • Treatment: R.I.C.E.

  24. Degree of Sprains • ______ degree ankle sprain • Some stretching or perhaps tearing may have occurred • No loss of function • Mild pain, little bruising • Little or no swelling • Some joint stiffness or difficulty walking • ______ degree ankle sprain • Difficulty walking • Moderate to severe pain • Swelling and tenderness in the ankle joint • Bruising may start after 3 to 4 days • ______ degree ankle sprain • most serious • Total rupture of a ligament • Walking may not be possible • Severe pain initially and substantial swelling • May require surgery

  25. Joint Disorders • Ligament Tears (___ degree Sprain) • Bruising, pain, swelling, instability • Physical therapy • Partial tear vs. complete tear • Partial Tear – boot/brace, crutches • Complete Tear - Surgery after most swelling subsides

  26. Knee Injuries

  27. ____________________ surgery • 3-4 very small incisions ¼ in. • fiber-optic light source • video camera • terile saline solution is continuously pumped through the knee via a cannula

  28. Video of surgery

  29. Joint Disorders • Rheumatoid arthritis • Chronic and systemic • Inflammation of ___________ membrane • ______________ destroyed, bone erosion • Progressive crippling and _____________ • Pain, inflammation, decreased mobility, aching, stiffness • Treat with corticosteroid drugs and NSAIDS

  30. Joint Disorders • Gouty arthritis • Also referred to as just _________ • Excessive _______ ________ in blood • Crystals get deposited in _____________fluid • Chronic inflammation and tissue damage • Swelling, tenderness • Pin in wrists, fingers, ankles, knees, elbows • Treat with Allopurinol (inhibits uric acid synthesis)

  31. Joint Disorders NIJDC Osteoarthritis IJD IJD Gout Rheumatoid arthritis

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