The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution

2. A Major Change

3. Revolutionary Changes in… • patterns of work • social class structure • standard of living • int’l balance of power

4. Where? When? What? Britain 1780s textiles

5. Timeline – Events around IR Growth of Atlantic economy Agricultural Revolution IR Begins 1650 1700 1720 1780s 1790 1815 1850 Pop. Boom Cottage industry + Atlantic slave trade

6. Timeline – Events around IR Growth of Atlantic economy Agricultural Revolution IR Begins 1650 1700 1720 1780s 1790 1815 1850 Pop. Boom Cottage industry + Atlantic slave trade

7. Timeline – the IR IR begins in Britain Standard of living  after 1850 Industrial Revolution 1780s 1815 1820s 1830 1850 Labor Movement/Legislation IR reaches the Continent

8. Timeline – the IR IR begins in Britain Standard of living  after 1850 Industrial Revolution 1780s 1815 1820s 1830 1850 Labor Movement/Legislation IR reaches the Continent

9. Why Britain? • large market (domestic & colonial) • rivers & canals – easy transport • natural resources – iron & coal • large labor force • agricultural revolution

11. Canals

12. Why Britain? • strong central bank • well-developed credit markets • stable government • laissez-faire economy • no domestic tariffs

13. Textile Industry 1st!

14. New Raw Material: Cotton

15. Textile Industry – Spinning James Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny (1765) 6-24 spindles; hand-powered

16. Textile Industry – Spinning Richard Arkwright – Water Frame (ca. 1770) 100s of spindles; water-powered  factories

17. Textile Industry – Spinning Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule (1779) factories

18. Textile Industry – Weaving Edmund Cartwright – Power Loom (1785)

19. Consequences of Δs in Textile Industry • cheaper cotton goods • weavers’ wages  • lots of yarn =  demand • poor factory working conditions • child labor • industrial dominance • 1831 – 22% of GB’s industrial production

20. The Energy Problem • pre-industrial sources (human & animal) = not enough power • shortage of WOOD • due to Ag. Rev. (forests into fields) • important for heat & iron-making

21. The Energy Solution • STEAM ENGINE • Thomas Savery (1698) • Thomas Newcomen (1705) **JAMES WATT (1769)** Watt’s Engine Raw material: COAL

22. Importance of the Steam Engine The steam engine was “the Industrial Revolution’s most fundamental advance in technology. For the first time in history, humanity had … almost unlimited power at its disposal.” (McKay 661) • Uses: mills, draining mines, **iron industry**, steamships, railroads

23. Iron Industry Boom • steam engine  coke • Henry Cort’spuddling furnace (1780s) “Iron became the cheap, basic, indispensable building block of the economy.” (McKay 661) Puddlers at work

24. Railroads George Stephenson – Rocket (1830) 16 mph!!!

25. Factors enabling RRs: • iron  strong rails • steam engine  locomotive Railroads

26. Consequences of the Railroad • ↓ shipping cost & uncertainty • larger markets  larger factories  cheaper goods • expanded labor market • change in social values: new obsession with power & speed

27. Shorter Journeys

28. “The Great Land Serpent”

29. Monet’s Gare St. Lazare (1877)

30. Turner’s Rain, Steam and Speed (1844)

31. Crystal Palace Exhibition, 1851 Celebrating Britain’s industrial dominance, in London.

32. Crystal Palace – Interior Exhibits

33. Britain: “Workshop of the World” • Produced: • 2/3 of the world’s coal • ½ of the world’s iron and cotton • 20% of the world’s industrial goods in 1860 (vs. 2% in 1750) • Huge growth, 1780-1851: • GNP x4 • pop. x2+ (9 to 21 mil.)

34. The ir in continental Europe

35. Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750-1913 Note: All entries are based on an index of 100, equal to the per capita level of industrialization in Great Britain in 1900 … how much industrial product was available, on average, to each person in a given country in a given year.

36. Data Analysis • 1750 – all countries close together • by 1800 – GB gained big lead • nat’l. variations in timing & extent • Belgium 1st • Western nations (+ Japan)  industrial levels vs. non-Western nations 

37. Why did the Continent lag until 1815? Battle of Waterloo

38. The Continent in 1815 CHALLENGES ADVANTAGES strong tradition of cottage industry people: merchant capitalist class + urban artisans borrow existing tech. strong independent gov’ts. • GB goods already dominant • tech. too complicated • pricey to invest • factory labor shortage

39. Agents of Continental Industrialization • skilled workers • entrepreneurs • governments • protective tariffs • funded RRs • banks • limited liability • Crédit Mobilier

40. Economic Nationalism Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy (1841) • anti-free trade • pro-protective tariff “An individual, in promoting his own interest, may injure the public interest; a nation, in promoting the general welfare, may check the interest of a part of its members.”

41. The “Second Industrial Revolution” (1860-1914) • steel • chemicals • oil • electricity • planes, cars, subs • telephone, telegraph • movies, radio