THE MIDDLE COLONIES and disorder in New England

1. THE MIDDLE COLONIESand disorder in New England

2. DO Now: • Fill in chart for VIRGINIA • The rest of the chart will be filled in throughout our lessons on these colonies

3. Religious dissenters emerge • Puritans remained intolerant of others’ beliefs despite their belief in “religious freedom” • Puritan leaders begin to find themselves at odds with settlers in New England. • Roger Williams- believed to challenge the social order of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

4. Roger Williams • Extreme Separatist • Two controversial views: • English settlers have no rightful claim to land unless they purchase it from the N.A.’s • The royal charter=a “National Sinne” • Government officials have no right to punish settlers for their religious beliefs • Every person should be free to worship as they choose (their conscience)

5. ROGER WILLIAMS • General Court orders Williams to be arrested and returned to England • Williams flees south, negotiates with the Narragansett tribe and sets up a new colony called Providence (RI) • Here, Williams guarantees the separation of church and state; guarantees religious freedom

6. Anne Hutchinson • Anne Hutchinson also posed a Puritan threat. • Outspoken woman; held Bible meetings for women • Preached that worshippers do not require church or ministers for Biblical interpretation • “Freely” interpret; divine inspiration • Began to “interpret” story of Adam and Eve

7. Anne Hutchinson • At trial, she was charged with violating the laws of family, church, and state. • “You have rather been a husband than a wife, a preacher than a hearer, and a magistrate than a subject” • Banished, moved to RI • After husband’s death, moved to New Netherland (religious toleration)

8. Native resistance • Thousands of other settlers in New England begin to branch outwards to Western MA, NH, and CT. • Native Americans helped settlers: • Provided land • Gave agricultural advice • Engaged in prosperous trade • Realized rapid growth of settlers challenged their land and their lives • Expansion • Disease

11. Native Resistance • For every 1 acre of land each colonial farmer needed for sustenance, Natives needed 20 for hunting, fishing, and agriculture. • Natives did not feel that they owned the land, they felt it was for all to use • Willing to permit land treaties for “gifts” (trade) to share the land for a limited time • Settlers saw this as a one time deal; permanent settlement

12. Native resistance • Religious disagreements also erupted • Natives as “godless agents of the devil” • Puritans tried to convert them, NA’s resisted • Colonists set out to destroy them, and vice versa • Pequot War • Near destruction of Pequot nation • Killed 395/400 • King Philip’s War • Over a year, food shortages, disease, heavy casualties • 1/10 colonial men of military age are killed

13. Dutch • 1609- Henry Hudson is employed by the Dutch to settle in the New World • Establish fur trade with Natives and built trading posts on the Hudson River (Albany area) and on Manhattan Island. • 1621- Dutch government grant Dutch West India Company permission to colonize “NEW NETHERLAND” and expand the thriving fur trade

14. New York • By 1625 (4 years), the Dutch had built enormous estates along both sides of the Hudson River • Eventually expanded further, taking over smaller rival colonies along the Delaware River • To encourage Dutch settlers to come to the new world, the colony opened its doors to all types of people: • Germans • French • Africans (1/5 of pop. Is African by 1660) • “Great confusion of tongues”

15. New York • Dutch promised religious tolerance: • Protestants • Catholics • Muslims • Jews • Settlers enjoyed friendly relations with NA’s • WHY? • Less interested in conquering, more interested in trading fur

16. New York • English take over—New York is separating Northern and Southern English colonies • Duke of York is granted permission to drive out Dutch (renamed New York) • Gave a portion of this land to two friends, named New Jersey after the British Isle of Jersey

17. Quakers • England in the late 1660s is no place for Quakers • Quakers: • God’s “inner light” burns inside everyone • Hold services with no ministers—anyone can speak as the spirit moves him or her • Dressed plainly • Refused to defer to persons of rank • Embraced pacifism: opposed war, refused to serve in the military • Scorned and harassed by Puritans, Anglicans Quakers- “quake” during speech in front of congregation (anxiety)

18. Pennsylvania • William Penn is given a large New World property to pay a large debt that Charles II owes the Penn family • Penn wanted to establish a Quaker society, a fair “holy experiment” in a place without land-owning aristocracy • Guaranteed every adult male 50 acres and the right to vote • Representative assembly and freedom of religion • Helped plan the capital (Philadelphia), “The City of Brotherly Love”

19. Letter from Penn to the Delaware Now I would have you well observe, that I am very sensible of the unkindness and injustice that has been too much exercised towards you by the people of these parts of the world, who have sought…to make great advantages by you…sometimes to the shedding of blood, which has made the great god angry. But I am not such man as is well known in my own country. I have great love and regard toward you, and I desire to win and gain your love and friendship by a kind just, and peaceable life; and the people I send are of the same mind, and shall in all things behave themselves accordingly.

20. Pennsylvania • Needed to attract settlers—recruited immigrants from around the world • Ads are printed in French, German, and Dutch • Brought with them crafting and farming skills that helped PA thrive • His vision faded but never failed; • Quakers became a minority, slavery was introduced • Equality, cooperation, and religious tolerance became fundamental values of America