THE WIDE WORLD OF BIOFUELS EPA REGION 4 Clean and Sustainable Energy Conference Atlanta, Georgia

1. THE WIDE WORLD OF BIOFUELS EPA REGION 4 Clean and Sustainable Energy Conference Atlanta, Georgia Tom Adams FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OUTREACH SERVICE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA

2. GA TECH - UGA - P2AD tadams@engr.uga.edu

3. OVERVIEW • Background • Technologies • Research • Georgia Opportunities

6. FUELS FOR INDUSTRIAL BOILERS Biofuels Fossil Fuels Wood & Bark ChipsCoal, low sulfur $1.53/million BTU $2.96/million BTU Yellow Grease#2 Heating Oil $15.15/million BTU $18.49/million BTU Chicken Fat $18.18/million BTU BiogasNatural Gas On-site Production cost $7.25/million BTU

7. BIOFUEL SOURCES: • Forests, Understory • Grasses • Crops

10. BIOFUELS: FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES

11. Wood Fuel Storage and Feeding Systems • Destination: • Combustion on site (CHP) • Fuel sales • Pellets

12. (Bubbling Fluidized Bed Boiler)

15. Biomass Combustion Can Provide Combined Heat and Power for Industries and Institutions

17. Biofuels for Industrial Boilers Chicken Fat, Yellow Grease, Choice White Fat, Tallow UGA Steam Plant, 2002

18. Duplex cast iron basket strainers • • Shell and tube heat exchanger maintained biofuel oil at 165°F with 5 psig steam • • 1-1/2” dia. carbon steel sch. 40 piping, 300-lb. Malleable iron screwed fittings • • Biofuel oil manually controlled • • 7 hp gear pump, maximum of 22 gpm biofuel oil delivered to the boiler Biofuel Receiving, Mixing, and Delivery

19. FUELS FOR ELECTRICITY • Current • Coal – 80% in Georgia • Dirty, Dangerous • Plentiful • Expensive - Future • Natural Gas • Semi-Clean – Carbon Dioxide • Not Plentiful,Imported • Expensive • Nuclear • Clean? • Not Plentiful • Expensive • Potential • Wind – Scarce in S.E. • Clean • Plentiful – The West • Inexpensive – The West • Solar • Clean • Plentiful • Inexpensive (Hot H2O) • Biomass • Clean • Plentiful (Not for Elec.) • Inexpensive (CHP)

24. Source: General Electric, 2005

25. BIOMASS GASIFICATION - FISCHER TROPSCH DIESEL & Ethanol GERMANY - SUN DIESEL, CHOREN INDUSTRIES, ROYAL DUTCH SHELL, DAIMLER CHRYSLER, VOLKSVAGEN Norway:Hydro and Norske Skog Evaluating Wood-to-Diesel Project (2012) Japan: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology USA: Range Fuels, 20 million Gal/y Soperton, Georgia

27. Industrial emitter of greenhouse gases CARBON SEQUESTRATION: Char-based Fertilizer Vision: Integrated Biorefinery / Carbon Cycling Hydrogen and Down Stream Products SYNGAS Scrubbing media & Other Char Products Biorefinery CHAR BIO-OIL Diesel Fuel Adhesives Chemicals Biomass Carbon and fertilizer back into soil

28. T THE ETHANOL OPPORTUNITY IN GEORGIA OPPORTUNITY IN GEORGIA • There are 27 million cropland acres in Georgia that are currently distributed as 24 million acres in tree crops and 3 million acres in agricultural crops. • Because the economics are (CURRENTLY) better for making ethanol from starch (agricultural crops such as potatoes and sorghum) than lignocellulose (trees and grass), we are investigating what is Georgia’s best option for starch ethanol production in conjunction with agricultural experts. • Sweet Potatoes • Potatoes • Sweet Sorghum • Sorghum • We are also doing research to improve the process for making ethanol from trees and grass.

29. ETHANOL CROPS ETHANOL FROM POTATOES Crop% CarbohydrateEtOH (gal/acre) Corn* 20 400 Potato** 18 371 Sweet Potato** 25 492 * USDA, 2006 ** UGA, 2007

33. Biodiesel Research Feedstock Development: • Unique natural resources provide opportunities- • Peanuts – high oil yield per acre • Poultry Fat – inexpensive/abundant • Cottonseed Oil – emerging feedstock Pyrodiesel: Biodiesel extender from biomass • Newly developed process facilitates miscibility of bio-oil in Biodiesel/Diesel • Process – developing ideal protocol • Innovation – inexpensive method for blending bio-oil in petroleum diesel • Testing – preliminary results show smooth engine performance with small modifications to fueling system • Future – further engine testing and optimization of blending/fueling • Potential – cellulose = ethanol lignin = diesel • Exploring S.E. Potential • Soy – traditional feedstock • Canola – ideal feedstock • Innovative feedstocks: • Camelina • Cuphea • Sunflower

34. WOOD TO DIESEL FUEL SLASH, UNDERSTORY AND NON-MERCHANTABLE TIMBER/THINNINGS

35. BENCH SCALE PYROLYZER THERMAL CRACKING: 450 TO 500º C Liquid & Vapor Fractionation: T <120 º C & 120 º C < T < 300 º C

36. Bio-Oil Process Procedures Whole Bio-oil 4 oC Water content: 31.9 mass % Aqueous Phase (Yield: 54.1 mass %), CALORIFIC VALUE: 15.0 MJ/kg Water content: 17.3 mass % Oily Phase (Yield: 45.9 mass %) CALORIFIC VALUE: 20.2 MJ/kg Calculated Properties of Whole Bio-oil: Water Content: 25.2 mass % Calorific Value: 17.4 MJ/kg

37. PYRODIESEL ENERGY DENSITY • Bio-oil3,771 cal/g 6,788 BTU/lb • Bio-oil 5,544 9,978 (Water Extracted) • Biodiesel (B100) 9,298 16,736 • Biodiesel (B20) 10,191 18,737 • Pyrodiesel (P100) 9,313 16,763 • Pyrodiesel (P20) 10,414 18,744 (80% Pet.Diesel, 20% Bio/Pyrodiesel) • Petroleum Diesel 10,688 19,237

46. SUMMARY • Biomass Combustion, Gasification • Combined heat and power • Hydrogen, FT liquids • Biomass Pyrolysis • Bio-Oil, diesel fuel, chemicals • FT liquids (ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel) • Syngas, hydrogen • Char (Env. cleaning agents, fertilizer, other CARBON SEQUESTRATION • Ethanol Production • Food processing byproducts • Crops (sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, sweet (cane) and grain sorghum and other) • Trees & Grasses • Biodiesel Production • Animal fats, used cooking oil • Soybeans, canola, sunflower, cotton seed • peanuts, other • Algae