Protestant Reformation

1. Protestant Reformation

2. Origins of the Reformation • Began in Germany because it lacked a strong central government • Germany formed core of Holy Roman Empire, but empire included over 300 semi-independent states • Some wanted independence from the Holy Roman Empire • Weak emperor could not control independent ideas about religion within the German states

3. Martin Luther • German monk, started Reformation • Came to believe in Justification ByFaith: a person could be made just, or good, simply by faith in God's mercy and love • How did it start…?

4. Selling Indulgences • Pope Leo X sold church positions and indulgences to raise money for the church • Indulgences- certificates issued by the Church that were said to reduce or evencancel punishment for a person's sin

5. People purchased indulgences, believing it insured them a spot in heaven • John Tetzel, Church's agent for selling indulgences in N.Germany, promised peasants that indulgences would relieve them of guilt for future sins….

6. Could also buy indulgences for salvation of their dead relatives - "Once you hear the money's ring, the soul from purgatory is free to spring." • Purgatory- place in the afterlife where people are made fit for heaven

7. October 31, 1517: nailed on door of Wittenberg Church the 95 Theses Criticized sale of indulgences Printed copies of Theses spread Luther’s Protest

8. justification by faith only God’s grace through Christ saves; no amount of good works could do it... priesthood of all believers all Christians are equal before God these ideas challenged basic church doctrine…that is, they were heresy Why? Two Main Teachings of Luther

9. Backlash! • 1521: Pope Excommunicated Luther • Diet of Worms (Germany) - tried to get Luther to take back (recant) criticisms • Luther refused; condemned as a heretic • Went into hiding; translated Bible into German

10. Emphasized salvation by faith alone Bible only source of religious truth Church = communityof believers Stressed faith and good works in salvation Church authority & teachings important spiritual guide Church = clerical hierarchy Lutheranism vs. Catholicism

11. All occupations were vocations in which people could serve God Ministers - only administer baptism &communion Priesthood only calling in which people could serve God Priests - administer 7 sacraments Lutheranism vs. Catholicism

12. The Spread of Protestantism

13. Huldrych Zwingli • Swiss priest wanted to break completely with Catholic tradition • 1525 established aTHEOCRACY(church-run state) in Zurich • 1531 died in battle between Catholics & Protestants

14. John Calvin • argued that God determines fate of every person before born- PREDESTINATION • Those predestined (chosen beforehand) were called “the elect” • Calvin turned Geneva into model religious community (theocracy)

15. Consistory (Church council) required citizens to attend services; inspected homes - Geneva earned title "City of God."

16. John Knox • Leader of the Reformation in Scotland • Founds Presbyterianism based on Calvin’s teachings • Presbytery - group of elected decision makers of the church • “Priesthood of all believers” --equality

17. Anabaptists • Only baptizedadultmembers • Denied authority of local governments to direct their lives - said Christ was their only authority (separation of church and state) • 1534 - radical Anabaptists seizedpower in German city of Munster (burned books, took property) Lutherans & Catholics united to crush them

18. Sketch of the 1535 execution of leaders of the sect in Münster, and photo of the church where their corpses were displayed. The cages still remain.

19. Henry VIII • Henry wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon for not producing a male heir to the throne • Catholic Church forbade divorce - refused to dissolve Henry’s marriage

20. Henry got mad, withdrew England from Catholic Church and created a new church • Act of Supremacy - Parliament created Church of England(Anglican Church) with king as its head • important Englishmen were required to swear oath accepting king as its head...

21. Sir Thomas More - • King Henry’s former chancellor who refused to take the oath…. • As humanist believed in religious tolerance - but was loyal to the Catholic Church • Beheaded for treason • (author of Utopia!)

22. Changes in the Church • Henry was NOT a protestant • The English church was separated from the Roman Catholic Church • Few other changes were made in the church

23. Henry’s wives & Children Div Beh Died Div Beh Surv • Catherine of Aragon Mary • Anne Boleyn Elizabeth • Jane Seymour Edward • Anne of Cleves • Catherine Howard • Catherine Parr • Son Edward inherited throne 1st

25. Edward VI – under a regent • The boy king, Edward, was under a regent because of his minority • The 1st regent – his uncle – introduced Protestant reforms into the church: • English liturgy – Anglican Prayer Book • Salvation by faith • Images, ornamentation & much ritual removed • When sickly Edward died at 16 some protestant nobles attempted to keep his sister Mary from inheriting the throne because she was Catholic

26. { Lady Jane Grey} • Edward’s 15 year old cousin Lady Jane was claimed Queen by some dominant nobles • Duke of Northumberland had arranged a marriage between her and his son, Guilford Dudley • But quickly people rallied to the support of the rightful heir, Mary Tudor • Troops abandoned Jane for Mary • Guilford & Jane were executed for treason • She had been queen 9 days

27. Mary I • Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon • Married to Catholic Philip II of Spain • Sought to revive Catholicism • Protestants revolted • Persecution of Protestants led to her being known as: • Bloody Mary

28. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)