Employing Terrorism, Guerrilla Warfare and International Conflict To Achieve Social Influence

1. Employing Terrorism, Guerrilla Warfare and International Conflict To Achieve Social Influence

2. Premises We Will Adopt • No moral judgment is implied in the labels ‘terrorist,’ ‘guerrilla,’ and ‘state.’ These simply describe activities that individuals and organizations employ to gain social influence. • Terrorist, guerrilla and state organizations form a continuum. Larger organizations retain all the capacities of the smaller organizations, but smaller organizations lack some of the capacities of larger organizations.

3. Premises We Will Adopt • Conceptual structures are best formed by allowing permeability between disciplines. Our structure will take from psychology, history, philosophy, art, politics, etc. • No new forms of social interactions have occurred since 09-10-01. Thus, while we will not avoid discussing the present international climate, analysis of the current political situation is unlikely to yield any new principle of social influence.

4. Theme 1: The Villa

5. Theme 1: My Friend’s Father • What had produced the metamorphosis from executioner to kind father • Was the image of the kind father a ruse • Did the kind man and executioner co-exist concurrently

6. Theme 2: Beautiful Art • Michaelangelo • Jack Kerouac: On the Road

7. Theme 2: On The Road • Hitchhiking as a vocation • Blizzards and the failed photo essay • Rescue in Ames • Exit on Powell Street

8. Theme 2: Reappearance of Our Rescuer “What A Long Strange Trip It Must Have Been” • What social experiences led Kaczynski to renounce a successful career to become a techno-terrorist? • Do ‘monsters’ have redeeming qualities

9. Theme 3: A Contrast of Leadership • The impracticality of Pope John XXIII • Vatican Deathwatch: The morality of states • JFK at the Ambassador’s Residence

10. Theme 3: JFK in Berlin • Rudolph Wilde Platz • June 26, 1963

11. Kennedy Treason Poster

12. Theme 3: Arlington • Gawking at the procession • Dreams unfulfilled, a lack of closure

13. Theme 3: Arthur Schlesinger • Advisor to President Kennedy • A Thousand Days • Age of Jackson • The Age of Roosevelt

14. Theme 3: Schlesinger’s Analysis • A sit-about Christmas: Schleisinger envisions the 21st century • 20th Century marked by great ideological conflicts: WWI, WWII, the Cold War • Triumph of Democracy: Destruction of empires, colonialism, fascism and Communism

15. Theme 3: Schlesinger’s Analysis • Triumph of democracy creates a power vacuum • Power vacuum allows expression of old hatreds • Creates an international environment dominated by: • Genocide • Terrorism

16. Organizations: Definitions • State-A organizational unit or group of allied units that maintain a military force capable of fighting conventional battles • Guerilla-A permanent or semi-permanent military organization that is not sufficiently strong to confront the military of a state in a conventional battle • Terrorist-A relatively small organization that is not sufficiently strong to maintain an identifiable group for an extended time

17. Examples of States • State-A organizational unit or group of allied units that maintain a military force capable of fighting conventional battles • United States • Axis in WWII: Germany, Italy and Japan • According to this definition not all nations are states

18. American Guerrilla: Francis Marion • Called the ‘Swamp Fox’ • Carried out raids through South Carolina in the Revolution • Wrote book on guerrilla war • Promises that you make to yourself are often like the Japanese plum tree - they bear no fruit.

19. American Guerrilla: George Washington • The Indispensable Man • Kept American forces from defeat for eight years

20. Confederate Guerrilla: John Mosby • Called the ‘Gray Ghost’ • Captured Union General Edwin H. Stoughton • Led partisans in northern Virginia

21. Confederate Guerrilla: William C. Quantrill • Massacred males in Lawrence, Kansas

22. Communist Guerrilla: Mao • Led Long March • Fought Kuomintang and the Japanese • Saw ‘People’s War’ progressing to conventional war • Leading guerilla war theorist

23. Communist Guerrilla: Tito • Fought Nazi takeover of Yugoslavia • Became dictator

24. Communist Guerrilla: Che Guevera • Home-schooled, read Marx, Engels, Freud • Argentine physician, worked in leper colony • Second in command when Castro deposes Batista

25. Communist Guerrilla: Che Guevera • Urged Castro towards Communism • Broke with Castro, Soviets, moves towards Maoism and anarchism • Killed in failed guerrilla war in Bolivia • "It is better to die standing than to live on your knees."

26. Communist Guerrilla: Carlos Fonscea • Legendary Sandinista National Liberation Front of Nicaragua (FSLN) leader • Ideological leader of the Sandinistas • Killed by Nicaraguan National Guard in 1976 • Matidle Zimmermann

27. Communist Guerrillas: Ho and Giap • Fought Japanese in World War II • Defeated the French at Dienbienphu in 1954 • Fought against South Vietnam and the US

28. British Guerrilla: T. E. Lawrence • Lawrence of Arabia: In 1916, along with Faisal al Husaynled Arabs against Turks • Documented adventures in Seven Pillars of Wisdom • Spent much of life arguing for Arab independence

29. Mexican Guerrillas: Zapatistas • January 1994 seized several towns in Chiapas • Subcommandante Marcos is the main spokesman • Anti-capitalist, supports equal rights for Indians

30. Origin of the Term: Reign of Terror

31. Reign of Terror • French Revolution: 1793-1794 • Origin of the term “terrorist.”

32. American Terrorist: John Brown • Pottawatomie Creek • Harpers Ferry

33. American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh • Gulf War veteran • Oklahoma City Bombing

34. American Terrorist: John Allen Muhammad • Gulf War Veteran • With John Lee Malvo killed 10 and wounded 3 in DC area sniper case

35. American Terrorist: Ted Kaczynski • Former Berkeley professor • Wrote Industrial Society And Its Future

36. Terrorist Group: Hamas • Arose during Intifada of 1987 • Has conducted suicide bombings against Israel • Strongly opposes Yasir Arafat

37. Terrorist Group: Shining Path • Peruvian Communists group founded in 1970 • Turned to terrorism in the 1980s • Led to deaths of approximately 25000 persons • Once several thousand strong now greatly weakened

38. Terrorist Group: Italian Red Brigades • Formed 1969 to break Italy from western alliance • Assassinated Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978 • Kidnapped US Army General Dozier in 1981 • Now fewer than 50 members

39. Some Other Terrorist Groups • Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) • Japanese Red Army (JRA) • Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK) • Hizballah (Party of God) • Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

40. Organizations: Definitions • State-A organizational unit or group of allied units that maintain a military force capable of fighting conventional battles • Guerilla-A permanent or semi-permanent military organization that is not sufficiently strong to confront the military of a state in a conventional battle • Terrorist-A relatively small organization that is not sufficiently strong to maintain an identifiable group for an extended time

41. Components of Our Analysis • Organizations: states, guerillas, terrorists • Citizens: Proponents and opponents of the state • Infrastructure and Resources: Food, transportation, airports, etc. • Communication Network: Television, Radio, Internet, Word of mouth

42. Principles Guiding Our Analysis • No moral assessment is implied in labeling a group a terrorist, guerilla or state organization. These groups are simply mechanisms for gaining social influence • Terrorist, guerilla and state organizations have existed and will exist throughout history • Terrorist, guerilla and state organizations have different goals and employ different strategies • Larger organizations use strategies of smaller organizations but smaller organizations are rarely capable of using strategies of larger organizations

43. Organizations: Definitions • State-A organizational unit or group of allied units that maintain a military force capable of fighting conventional battles. • Guerilla-A permanent or semi-permanent military organization that is not sufficiently strong to confront the military of a state in a conventional battle. • Terrorist-A relatively small organization that is not sufficiently strong to maintain an identifiable group for an extended time.

44. Organizational Goals • States: To 1) protect against threats from outside the system (e.g., terrorists, guerillas, other states), 2) protect against threats from within the system (e.g., other politicians, rival groups, dissidents, unfavorable press, etc.) and 3) dispense resources among the supporters of the government. • Guerillas-To become a state • Terrorists-To become a guerilla organization

45. Terrorism: Opponents of the State • It is hypothesized that successful terrorists gain converts from those already opposed to the state by espousing a well-defined ideology.

46. Terrorists: Opponents of the State 2. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists gain converts from those already opposed to the state by attacking symbols of the state.

47. Terrorists: Opponents of the State 3. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists gain converts from those already opposed to the state by playing the ‘Elephant Gun and Fly’ game.

48. Terrorists: Opponents of the State 4. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists gain converts from those already opposed to the state by producing an aggressive response by the state. • Curtailing liberties and establishing “protections.” • Encouraging the view that the terrorists threaten the state’s existence. • Inviting the state to “wallow in the mud” and engage in barbaric reprisals. • Depriving the state of the moral high ground.

49. Terrorists: Supporters of the State 1. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists use the supporters of the state as tools for gaining the attention of the opponents of the state.

50. Terrorists: Supporters of the State 2. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists make few attempts to gain the hearts and minds of those supporting the state. 3. It is hypothesized that successful terrorists create general anxiety; they make supporters see a terrorist under every bed.