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SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS

SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS. A class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior. GENERAL SYMPTOMS. Delusions and irrational thoughts

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SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS

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  1. SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS A class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior

  2. GENERAL SYMPTOMS • Delusions and irrational thoughts • Delusions are false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality • Delusions of grandeur • Deterioration of thought • Deterioration of adaptive behavior • Hallucinations: sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input • Disturbed emotion

  3. SUBTYPES • Paranoid type: dominated by delusions of persecution, along w/delusions of grandeur • Catatonic type: striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity • Disorganized type: particularly severe deterioration of adaptive behavior • Undifferentiated type: idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms

  4. POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS • Negative symptomsinvolve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech • Positive symptoms involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas

  5. COURSE AND OUTCOME • Schizophrenia usually emerges during adolescence or early adulthood • Emergence may be sudden or gradual • Mild disorders are usually successfully treated • For some, it is chronic and permanent hospitalization is required • Males tend to have earlier onset, relapse, and more hospitalizations

  6. ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

  7. GENETIC VULNERABILITY • Strong evidence to support hereditary influence • Identical twin concordance rates at about 48% • Born to two schizophrenic parents---46%

  8. NEUROCHEMICAL FACTORS • Excess dopamine is a possibility • Possible interaction between dopamine and serotonin

  9. STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES IN THE BRAIN • CT scans and MRIs show enlarged brain ventricles in schizophrenic patients • A smaller thalamus may play a part • Psychs don’t know if these are cause or effect of schizophrenia

  10. NEURODEVELOPMENTAL HYPOTHESIS • Schizophrenia is caused in part by various disruptions in the normal maturation processes before or at birth • Studies focus on viral infections

  11. EXPRESSED EMOTION • Focuses on family dynamics influence the course of schizophrenia • Expressed emotion is the degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic patient displays highly critical or emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward the patient

  12. PERSONALITY DISORDERS A class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning

  13. PERSONALITY DISORDERS • DSM-IV lists ten disorders clustered into 3 main groups: • 1) Anxious-fearful • 2) Odd-eccentric • 3) Dramatic-impulsive

  14. DIAGNOSTIC PROBLEMS • Personality disorders tend to overlap one another • Current revisions are underway for the new DSM-V, set to be published in 2013

  15. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER • DEF: marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior that reflects a failure to accept social norms • Lack a conscience • More common among males • Seen in 3-4% of pop.

  16. ETIOLOGY • May be a genetic disposition • Inherited sluggish autonomic systems • Inadequate or dysfunctional family systems may be a cause

  17. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND THE LAW

  18. INSANITY • DEF: a legal status indicating that a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness • M’naghtenrule: insanity exists when a mental disorder makes a person unable to distinguish right from wrong

  19. INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT • DEF: people hospitalized in psychiatric facilities against their will • Criteria: • 1) people are dangerous to themselves • 2) dangerous to others • 3) treatment is needed

  20. CULTURE AND PATHOLOGY

  21. ARE EQUIVALENT DISORDERS FOUND AROUND THE WORLD? • Severe disorders are pancultural • Culture-bound disorders: abnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural groups • Koro, windigo, anorexia nervosa

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