If humans evolved from monkeys why are monkeys still around?

1. If humans evolved from monkeys why are monkeys still around?

2. If humans evolved from monkeys why are monkeys still around?

3. http://www.flascience.org/art/16x.jpg

4. Your ancestors didn’t “turn into” you You are related by common ancestors http://www.flascience.org/art/16x.jpg

5. Common Ancestry is the key!

6. Phylogenetics/Cladistics or “tree thinking” • The evolutionary history of extant organisms can be understood • by their shared inheritance. • The depiction of the evolutionary history of a group as a “tree” is called a Cladogram, Phylogeny, or phylogenetic tree • Relationships of existing species must be estimated or inferred • from data, • therefore, a phylogeny or cladogram is always a hypothesis

7. Darwin called common ancestry “The principle of common descent.” • The diversity of life branching from • common ancestors: The Tree of Life

8. Evolutionary relationships of the Great Apes “Branching tree” of relationships

9. Gorillas Evolutionary relationships of the Great Apes “Branching tree” of relationships

10. Anatomy of a Cladogram (Clade: a group of closely related organisms) Cladogram: abranching diagram showing the evolutionary relationships of lineages (or taxa) • At the “tips” • are taxa • All branches • represent • lineages Time

11. Anatomy of a Cladogram (Clade: a group of closely related organisms) Cladistics: the classification of organisms by evolutionary relationships and common ancestors Time

12. Anatomy of a Cladogram Topology: cladogram’s pattern of branching Branches Time

13. Anatomy of a Cladogram • = Node: where two or more lineages meet at a common ancestor Time Root: the most ancestral Lineage of a clade. Where the cladogram ends.

14. Anatomy of a Cladogram Nodes also represent a synapomorphy: a trait (or character) shared by an ancestor and all of its descendants D C B D B D B C C B C B A A D A C Time B Y- all descendants have Y.

15. Anatomy of a Cladogram Nodes also represent a synapomorphy: a trait (or character) shared by an ancestor and all of its descendants B B B B B Time B Y- all descendants have Y.

16. Anatomy of a Cladogram Nodes also represent a synapomorphy: a trait (or character) shared by an ancestor and all of its descendants D C B D B D B C C B C B A A D A C Time B Y- all descendants have Y.

17. Anatomy of a Cladogram Polytomy: a node from which three or more lineages are equally divergent from a common ancestor. Why? Time

18. Anatomy of a Cladogram Polytomy: a node from which three or more lineages are equally divergent from a common ancestor. Why? 1) the data aren’t good enough to figure out the true relationship of descendents of that ancestor Time

19. Anatomy of a Cladogram Polytomy: a node from which three or more lineages are equally divergent from a common ancestor. Why? 2) the ancestor really had multiple direct descendents = adaptive radiation Time

20. Anatomy of a Cladogram Sister taxa: two clades that are most closely related to each other in a cladogram C D B A Time

21. Anatomy of a Cladogram Autapomorphy: a trait (or character) that is unique to only one taxon. Time

22. Anatomy of a Cladogram Ancestral Character (plesiomorphy): in gray: trait of taxa or a taxon that was inherited from a common ancestor Time

23. Anatomy of a Cladogram Derived Character: a more recently evolved trait than an ancestral trait. Time

24. Anatomy of a Cladogram Monophyletic Group: a common ancestor and all of its descendents : a Clade should = monophyletic group Time

25. Anatomy of a Cladogram Invalid Paraphyletic Group: a common ancestor without all of its descendents Problem: does not include all members of a clade Time

26. Anatomy of a Cladogram Invalid Polyphyletic Group: 2+ lineages without their most recent common ancestor Problem: does not include most closely related members of a clade Time

27. On what data are cladograms based? • Morphological Characters (from phenotype) • Remember: Morphology reflects the genotype • And/or

28. On what data are cladograms based? • Morphological Characters (from phenotype) • Remember: Morphology reflects the genotype • And/or • 2) Molecular Characters (from genotype) • DNA sequences from the mitochondria: mtDNA. • mtDNA genes are usually fast evolving. Mitochondria lack proof-reading enzymes of the nucleus; accumulate mutations quickly. • Examples: CO1 (cytochrome oxidase 1) and 16S • DNA sequences from the nuclear genome • the nuclear DNA genes chosen to use in phylogenetics usually have some important function, therefore they are highly conserved sequences with few mutations. More slowly evolving than mtDNA • Examples: 18S or 28S ribosomal RNA, Histone 3

29. Great Ape Divergence Gorillas 2-3 mya 6 mya Evolutionary relationships of the Great Apes 8 mya Time 16 mya mya = million years ago What clades have diverged most recently?

30. Bonobos Humans Chimps Gorillas Orangutans G C B O H

31. Bonobos Humans Chimps Gorillas Orangutans = = G G H O H B B C O C =

32. Bonobos Humans Chimps Gorillas Orangutans G B C H O B C H G O = = = = G G H O H B B C O C =

33. Who uses paraphyletic groups?

34. GROUP ACTIVITY! In your groups, answer the questions about the cladograms you are given.

35. EXAMPLE (2011, Science)

36. EXAMPLE

37. EXAMPLE E P D T E P

38. Using cladistics I’ll show you that: • “Reptiles” don’t exist • Birds are dinosaurs

39. “Reptiles” don’t exist Cladogram of Fish + Tetrapods Notice synapomorphies and autapomorphies “mapped” onto this cladogram Amniotes Tetrapods

40. “Reptiles” don’t exist Cladogram of Fish + Tetrapods Tetrapods . Amniotes . • Limbs is a synapomorphy for tetrapods • -Snakes “lost” their limbs through evolution, thus • have a derived condition. • Hair is an autoapomorphy for mammals

41. “Reptiles” don’t exist Cladogram of Fish + Tetrapods Reptiles What is wrong with “reptiles” as a clade?

42. “Reptiles” don’t exist Cladogram of Fish + Tetrapods Reptiles What is wrong with “reptiles” as a clade?

43. “Reptiles” don’t exist Cladogram of Fish + Tetrapods Reptiles What is wrong with “reptiles” as a clade?

44. Using cladistics I’ll show you that: • Birds are dinosaurs

45. Birds are Dinosaurs Archosauria • Crocodiles and birds are each others closest living relatives • Extant (living) sister taxa. • But don’t they seem VERY different? • Where are the intermediates?

46. Birds are Dinosaurs Archosauria www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/events/bigdinos2005/turkey.html

47. Birds are Dinosaurs Archosauria www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/events/bigdinos2005/turkey.html • Dinosaurs are monophyletic only if you include birds

48. Birds are Dinosaurs Archosauria www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/events/bigdinos2005/turkey.html • Because of extinction (65 mya), the only archosaurs • alive today are crocs & birds.

49. Birds are Dinosaurs Archosauria • Because of extinction (65 mya), the only archosaurs • alive today are crocs & birds. Did dinosaurs go extinct?

50. Evolution of Whales • Hippos and whales are each others closest living relatives • They are extant (living) sister taxa. • But don’t they seem VERY different? • Where are the intermediates?