THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. PRESENTATION STRUCTURE • What kind of Revolution was it? • Where did it start? • What was its impact on urban development?

3. WHAT KIND OF REVOLUTION WAS IT? • Cited by historians as beginning in 1760 • Began decades before with gradual improvement to inventions in specific existing industries. • 18th – 19th Centuries saw massive changes in: • Agriculture • Mining • Manufacturing & Transport • Shift from manual labour & draft-animal based economy towards machine based manufacturing. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

4. WHERE DID IT START? • Began with discovery of new sources of power......in particular - Coal & Steam • This had a massive impact upon: • Mechanisation of textile industries • Development of Iron-Making techniques • The increased use of refined coal THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

5. WHERE DID IT START? • Commencement of Industrial Revolution closely linked to innovations in three key industries: 1) Textiles 2) Steam Power 3) Iron Founding THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

6. WHERE DID IT START? 1) Textiles • In 1746 James Hargreaves builds the first ‘Spinning Jenny’ • Originally a manually powered machine • The introduction of steam power to cotton spinning allowed for a huge expansion of the industry with cotton mills being built across the U.K. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

7. WHERE DID IT START? 2) Steam Power • 1712 > Thomas Newcomen: • Built first commercially successful steam engine • Inefficient & only used for pumping water • James Watt improved Newcomen’s engine: • Used 75% less coal (cheaper to run) • Modified further to provide a rotary motion suitable for driving factory machinery • This enabled factories to be sited away from rivers, further accelerating the pace of the Industrial Revolution. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

8. WHERE DID IT START? 3) Iron Founding • In the Iron industry • Coke was applied to all stages of iron smelting for the first time, replacing charcoal. • Charcoal was produced by piling up wood, covering it in turf and firing it. • The massive quantity of wood required for this process was a major cause of deforestation in Central England. • Coke could be charred more easily than charcoal and was therefore the preferred material. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

9. WHERE DID IT START? • These 3 leading sectors lead to economic take-off of Industrial Revolution • Steam engines applied to cotton mills and iron works • Enabled factories to be built in locations with resources available, with no necessity for water mills to provide power THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

10. IMPACT ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT • Industrialisation leads to creation of first factories • As revolution gathers pace, output increases • Rise in production means increased demand for labour – large numbers of workers migrating into cities in search of employment • Switch from water to coal & steam power meant that: • Factories could locate away from waterways • Transport improved – Factories can move further from raw material sources; increasing spread of industrialisation and urbanisation. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

11. IMPACT ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT The Factory System • Bigger buildings to produce greater quantities • Massively increased concentration of workers • Home & Work become separated • Less work done at home • Homes just for living in • New types of work (office jobs) • Residential & Industrial areas separated • Industrial Areas become increasingly unattractive London, 1910 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

12. IMPACT ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANCHESTER & THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH Worlds Largest Marketplace for Cotton Goods • 1780 – Richard Arkwright constructs city’s first cotton mill • Majority of cotton spinning took place in South Lancashire & North Cheshire – Manchester the most productive • Lead to it being dubbed ‘Cottonopolis’ • Expanded at very high rate – Unplanned urbanisation • Wide range of industries developed • Commerce supported by financial service industries such as banking & insurance THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

13. IMPACT ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANCHESTER CONTINUED....... • Trading, in addition to feeding growing population required improved transport and distribution infrastructure • Canal system built • Liverpool to Manchester Railway – first intercity railway Rochdale Canal, Manchester • Manchester Ship Canal • Linked Salford & Eastham Locks • Enabled ships to sail into port of Manchester • Machinery & Goods exported around World • 1853 - Manchester reached 108 cotton mills before being surpassed by Bolton in 1850s Manchester Ship Canal THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

14. IMPACT ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT NEW URBAN TECHNOLOGIES • Street lighting • Gas Lighting from 1813 • Street Paving – Raised sidewalks • Sewerage & Drainage THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

15. IMPACT ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT OF CITY BUILDINGS & INCREASED SPECIALISATION • Places of work • Offices & Factories • Shops • Invention of plate glass C.1850.....window shopping • Shopping streets emerge • Public Administration • Town Halls Manchester-Liverpool Railway Station ,C.1830 • Leisure & Culture • Art Galleries • Museums • Theatres • Railway Stations THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

16. IMPACT ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT GROWTH OF ANTI-URBANISM • Towns become unpleasant • Air & Noise Pollution/Fog & Smog from factories • Disease.....Poor living conditions • New forms of transport • People can commute further • People develop disposable incomes • Spare money to spend on land & houses • Suburban Life becomes increasingly attractive • Towns spread outwards THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

17. IMPACT ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT THE INDUSTRIAL CITY • Cities became very large • Sphere of influence extended • Production becomes main economic activity over trading • New urban centres develop across U.K. - Sheffield, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool & Leeds THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

18. REFERENCES • Wikipedia.com articles - The Industrial Revolution/Spinning Jenny/Iron Founding/Charcoal/Manchester/Steam Power/Textiles • MSN Encarta Encyclopaedia • Google.com THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION