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ANCIENT NEAR EAST

ANCIENT NEAR EAST. Prehistoric Cave Art. Ancient Near East Timeline. ~ 8000 BCE beginning of agriculture 7000-5000 duration of Catal Huyuk ~ 4000 rise of Mesopotamian cities ~ 3000 Sumerians become numerous 1792 Hammurabi rules ANE. Pre-History. Why is it called “pre-history”?

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ANCIENT NEAR EAST

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  1. ANCIENT NEAR EAST Prehistoric Cave Art

  2. Ancient Near East Timeline • ~ 8000 BCE beginning of agriculture • 7000-5000 duration of Catal Huyuk • ~ 4000 rise of Mesopotamian cities • ~ 3000 Sumerians become numerous • 1792 Hammurabi rules ANE

  3. Pre-History • Why is it called “pre-history”? • Before writing • How did they live? • Hunter/gatherer • mobile - no cities.

  4. Agriculture • What caused the change? • Development of agriculture and domestication of animals leads to creation of permanent settlements • Impact of Agriculture • population boom • development of urban centers • job specialization • pottery; tool/weapon making; priests; writing

  5. Geography • Tigris and Euphrates rivers • surrounded by marshes and plains • flooding • where are cities built? • how does the environment shape life? • Isolation: floods, deserts, swamps • development of city state.

  6. The “fertile crescent”

  7. Geography • natural resources • clay, no stone, wood or metal • what did they build with? • Cities use interlocking walls

  8. Writing • Evolves over time • Scribe schools • very complicated - years of study • strict schools • who could study? • Mainly male, wealthy.

  9. Example of Cuneiform

  10. Cylinder Seal

  11. Science & Thought • Develop numerical system: divide day into two twelve hour parts (24 hour day) • math is practical and theoretical • tables of charts • layout of temples • Astronomy & lunar calendar • determine will of gods • medicine • magic, prescriptions and surgery! • Demons and evil spirits can cause illness • spells and nasty concoctions can drive them out • failure.

  12. Religion • Religion directs all aspects of life • god for every portion of life. River God God Gudea

  13. Religion • patron deity for every city • natural catastrophes are work of gods • humans put on earth to enact will of gods • afterlife.

  14. Religion • worship gods to appease gods • build temples (ziggurats) • position of temples in society.

  15. Social Structure • Four social classes • nobles, free clients of nobles, commoners, slaves • land especially valuable • temples and nobles own most • land for support of temple and priests • land cannot be taken from commoners by king • desire for land leads to war • rise of kings • war results in slaves.

  16. The image of the constant warfare among the city states

  17. Hammurabi (1792-1750) • Ruler of Babylon • unifies Mesopotamia • establishes long term control through religion Hammurabi The Dragon of Marduk.

  18. Hammurabi (1792-1750) • Code of Laws • significance of creation • harsh - punishment fits the crime (burglar ex.) • class based (stealing ex.) • try to be fair • patriarchy - fathers have absolute control.

  19. Art

  20. Hittites until Persia • Growth of successive nations ruling the region • 1600 Hittites (iron monopoly) • 900 Assyrians • 700 Neo-Babylonians • 538 Persians.

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