Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution 1750-1914

What is it? A time of greatly increased output of machine-made goods drastically changing the way people lived and worked. Began in England, spread through Europe to the US

What caused it? • Agricultural Revolution • Enclosures: forced small farmers off land, created large farms • done to increase production as population increased • forced small farmers to the cities • Crop rotation: rotation of crops to different fields each season produced higher crop amounts Overall impact - more food  people creating demand for more of everything faster

Enclosure

Where did it start? • Began in England - mid 1700’s • Large population of workers due to enclosure • abundant natural resources • water power • coal and iron ore • rivers for inland trade • harbors for international trade • political/economic stability • isolated from European wars • Parliamentary system successful for 100’s of years • Parliament’s $ support of entrepreneurs • financially successful colonies with abundant resources

England 1701 & 1911

Transportation Improvements • With greater need to move goods, transportation rapidly improved • better roadways, canals, tunnels • steam engine • steam boats • Railroads - extensive systems become necessity • factory engines

Steam Engine

Fulton’s Steamboat

Locomotives

England’s Railroad System -1850

So how is the IR like the iPhone?

Podcasting groups – Block 1 • Responsibilities: • 1 page of notes (for each person in the group – due Friday) • find specific facts that can be integrated into your podcast (we will record on Friday) • use textbook and web resources (linked off modern world webpage) • group will write and record a 3-4 minute podcast following instructions • Value: 50 points (50% of your Unit 3 test grade)

Industrialization • Growth of industrial cities • factories for efficient production • urbanization: rapid movement to cities • Poor living conditions • small cities became too big too fast • poor sanitary conditions • insufficient housing, education, security • air and water pollution

Urbanization

Living Conditions Tenements

Slums of Urbanization

Industrialization • Poor Working conditions • 14 hour days, 6 days/week, poor pay • workers had to keep up with machines • child labor

Child Labor

Working Conditions

Class Tension • Rise of Middle Class • Upper Middle Class: Factory owners and merchants grew wealthy and influential in politics • Lower Middle Class: factory foremen, skilled tradesmen, supervisors lived comfortably • Working class - poverty stricken working class replaces peasant class • Tension between classes builds • aristocracy resents upper middle class - being pushed out of power • workers resent upper middle class - gap between classes getting larger

Global Impact • Industrialization moved through Europe and to the US • More demand for products created more demand for raw materials • Motivation for more colonization = IMPERIALISM • global inequality • Industrialized West vs. all the rest • Great economic and military inequalities • transformation of society • Britain becomes the economic power of Europe • more wealth overall • better opportunities for education and democracy

Podcast Work Time • Wrap up research • Each individual owes 1 page of notes by Friday (individual grade) • Begin writing podcast script • When recorded, needs to last 3-4 minutes (yes, we check the time) • Write the script with roles – evenly divide the speaking time • You will turn in a copy of the script with the podcast on Friday

Age of Economic Reform • business leaders encouraged gap between rich and poor • LAISSEZ-FAIRE: “hands-off” economy • Promotion of CAPITALISM • Reformers encouraged gov’t to play a more active role in bettering conditions • Emergence of SOCIALISM and COMMUNISM ECONOMIC SYSTEM: policies of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services

CAPITALSIM • Capitalism: economic system in which $ is invested in business ventures w/ goal of making a profit • Adam Smith- • father of modern capitalism • economic liberty  economic progress • Malthus • wars and epidemics necessary to reduce population- reduce # of poor • Ricardo • permanent underclass always poor • wages decrease as population increase

Socialism • Socialism: factors of production are owned by public and the gov’t plans the economy • Bentham: • UTILITARIANSIM: judge ideas, institutions and actions on the basis of their utility or usefulness • Government should provide the greatest good for the greatest # of people • Karl Marx: • believed that economic forces controlled society • Wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) calling for “workers of the world unite” and overthrow the “bourgeoisie” • Gap between rich and poor is too wide and getting worse • More control over economy will reduce class conflict

Marxism

Marxism to Communism • Marx’s final phase would become… • COMMUNISM - complete form of socialism where the means of production owned by the people • no private property • classless society • all goods and services shared equally

Communism • Marx’s ideas of communism didn’t have much appeal until 20th century • Lenin’s Russia • Mao’s China • Ho Chi Minh’s Vietnam • Castro’s Cuba  Most of Marx’s predictions never occurred proving that society is not just controlled by economic forces but also by religion, nationalism and political forces

Economic Reforms • Workers used their #’s and became more active in politics • Unions: voluntary worker’s associations • collective bargaining • strikes • reduction of child labor • better working conditions and pay

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TAKES FLIGHT Changes in Society and Culture After the Industrial Revolution (1800-1900)

MANCHESTER THE GOOD Cheaper, better housing Higher wages, shorter hours Healthier diets Growing, prosperous middle class Industry specialized, organized by growing cities

MANCHESTER THE BAD Miserable living/working conditions create need for legislation Rampant pollution Population increases at unmanageable levels Overuse of resources

MANCHESTER THE QUESTIONS What if we run out of resources? Where do we go? How do we clean up this mess? Is a growing middle class going to demand rights?

INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS THE GOOD U.S., Germany, others start on road to major power Corporations form and stocks become widespread Women allowed to work, hold responsibility Growing, prosperous middle class worldwide

INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS THE BAD Economic gap between West and rest grows immensely Environmental concerns spread throughout world Imperialism becomes more widespread, hits Africa Big middle class?

An Age of Reforms THE GOOD • New economic systems • Capitalism • Utilitarianism • Socialism/Communism • Unions form • Collective bargaining • Strikes • Push for abolition, suffrage • More focus on INDIVIDUALS

An Age of Reforms THE BAD Marx believes in revolution for communism New economic systems plant seeds for 20th Century problems Governments resist unions, violence erupts Abolition movement leads to tension, civil war

Democratic Reform and Activism THE GOOD • Reform Act of 1832 = middle class men vote • By 1918 large majority of British can vote • Women’s Political and Social Union (1903) organizes women, women push for rights • Emmeline Pankhurst

Democratic Reform and Activism THE BAD • People resort to violence • Suffragettes • Hunger strike • Self-sacrifice • Takes 100 years!

Industrial Revolution