Revolution and Constitution

1. Revolution and Constitution Unit II AP American History

2. Salutary Neglect/Benign Neglect • British absenteeism • Distance between England and America • Political turmoil and relative peace • Colonies virtually on their own • Developed unique economies based on region • Self-government • Still considered themselves as British subjects entitled to same rights and privileges

3. Britain Exerts More Control • Navigation Acts strengthened • Increased concept of mercantilism • Vice-admiralty courts • Boards of Trade • Europe at war • King William’s War (1689-1697) • Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) • King George’s War (1744-1748)

4. French and Indian War (1754-1763) • Serious conflict between England and France with a primary focus in the Americas • Most Natives allied with French • Increased British troop activity in America • Colonists contributed to effort • Albany Plan of Union (1754) • Benjamin Franklin’s idea for colonial union for common defense - FAILED • British Victory and End of Salutary Neglect • British believed more control necessary • Colonial pride

5. Proclamation of 1763 • Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) • Britain restricts further colonial westward expansion • Prevent hostilities between colonists and Natives • Colonists upset to restriction of available land

6. The Age of REASON Rationalism Laws of Nature applied to society Deism “the clockmaker” Absent of human affairs Inspired by John Locke Second Treatise on Government Philosophes Voltaire Individual liberties Freedom of expression Montesquieu Separation of powers Rousseau Social Contract General welfare Wollstonecraft The Enlightenment

7. British Prime Ministers Believed colonies should foot the bill for wars and defense Encouraged unrestricted development of colonies Robert Walpole George Grenville Charles Townshend Chancellor of Exchequer Enforced Parliament’s power but defended colonies and desire for representation Supported taxation of the colonies and ran Parliament during Revolution William Pitt Frederick North

8. Sugar Act if 1764 Revenue tax Quartering Act of 1765 Stamp Act of 1765 First direct tax Declaratory Act of 1766 Parliament’s right to tax whatsoever Townshend Acts of 1767 Pay royal colonial officials Writs of assistance Tea Act of 1773 Support British East India Company “Intolerable Acts” Coercive Acts of 1774 Massachusetts Government Act Port Act Administration of Justice Act Quebec Act of 1774 Prohibitory Act of 1775 Colonies in open rebellion “Do we need to know all the Acts?”YES“*ML!”

9. Colonial Reaction to Acts • Stamp Act of 1765 • James Otis – “no taxation without representation” • Sons and Daughters of Liberty • Townshend Acts of 1767 • Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania – John Dickinson • Boston Massacre (1770) • Committees of Correspondence • Tea Act of 1773 • Boston Tea Party • Intolerable Acts of 1774 • First Continental Congress • Suffolk Resolves • Declaration of Rights and Grievances

10. Fought and died in wars with Natives and European enemies Risk life and health in a new environment Proud and loyal English subjects entitled to rights Developed economies which benefit the Empire Familiar with life in colonies more so than in England God-given liberty Provide protection from Natives and Europeans Benefit exceptionally well from success of British Empire with little contribution Abide by the rule of law Colonists as second-class citizens “virtual representation” Which Side Are You On? Colonies British Empire/Parliament

11. British Supporters of Colonists • William Pitt • John Wilkes

12. Britons Against Colonies • Thomas Hutchinson • Governor of Massachusetts • Enforced British authority • King George III

13. Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775) • Organization of militia (Minutemen) compels Governor Gage to send 700 British soldiers to arrest rebel leaders and confiscate arms • William Dawes and Paul Revere, “The British are coming!” • 8 Minutemen die and 1 Redcoat wounded at Lexington • “Shot heard ‘round the world” at Concord (about from FIU to South Beach)

14. Second Continental Congress • Olive Branch Petition • Directly sent to George III • American Continental Army and Washington • Battles of Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill (June 1775) • British victory costing 1,154 of 2,200 • Americans lost 311 • George III pronounced colonies in open rebellion • Prohibitory Act: blockade of American ports; declaration of war • Declaration of Independence in July 1776 • Virtually creating the “United States of America”

15. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense • Pamphlet published in January 1776 • Society grows to the point of requiring government with laws and representation • Denounces monarchism and aristocracy • “an island cannot rule a continent” • “America is not English but a mix of peoples” • “distance a problem” • “threat of European wars” • “colonies exploited”

16. Declaration of Independence • Applies laws of Nature • People’s right to revolution • “self-evident” • “all men are created equal” • Endowed…with certain unalienable rights…life, liberty, pursuit of happiness” • List of grievances against the British Empire, specifically toward George III • WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?

17. American Advantages/Tactics Militia’s guerilla tactics Familiar with the territory and environment Prolong the war Hope for support from Britain’s enemies (France, Spain) American Disadvantages No well-trained regular army or officers Insufficient funds and supplies Small support among population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 neutral, slaves) British Advantages/Tactics 11 million Britons to America’s 2.5 million (1/3 slaves or loyalists) World’s largest navy Disciplined and experienced army Support from Loyalists, Natives, and slaves Entrenched forts and garrisons in America British Disadvantages War debt and war fatigue American privateers (pirates) hounded British ships Unpopular home support Spread thin around the world America vs. Britain

18. Patriots, Loyalists, Neutrals • Patriots (aka Whigs) supported independence, but may disagree on course of action (war, petition, boycott, etc.) • Advocated independence based on rhetoric and education on rights and liberties • Loyalists (aka Tories) supported Britain • Loyalty to the Crown • Agreed about excess taxes, but against separation • Fear of a possible American victory • Recent British immigrants • Some could care less due to ignorance, apathy, or economical reasons

19. In the North Boston under siege and New York captured in 1776 Battles of Trenton (1776) and Princeton (1777) boosted morale Gates defeats Burgoyne at Saratoga (Oct 1777) Valley Forge In the West An escalation of Natives vs. Expansionists Natives lost large amounts of lands in defeats Resentment toward pro-British Natives will linger In the South British plan to capture Southern ports and lands to launch re-invasion of the North Lord Cornwallis claimed victories, but stalled in the South as Americans refortified Battle of Yorktown (Aug-Oct 1781) Washington’s army, Lafayette’s force, and French fleet laid siege to Cornwallis British surrender led to American victory The War

20. Treaty of Paris (1783) • John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay • British recognition of USA • USA granted all lands east of the Mississippi • Natives left out of the treaty • States applying own interests led to British remaining in Northwest forts • Brand new and bigger nation… What now? Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West

21. Before the war, the distinction between elites and commoners was visibly evident given the economical success of the colonies Patriotic rhetoric of equality and liberty regained a sense of egalitarianism within the population Merit, not inheritance, defined a man More and more self-made men participate in political leadership Despite a new perception, the small upper class retained its status as owners of most of America’s wealth A New American Society

22. Upper-class women promoted cause through correspondence Participated against Stamp Act and Townshend Acts Spinning bees Ran households and estates during husband’s absence Formed campaigns to promote war and funds Abigail Adams and “…Remember the Ladies.” Women of the Revolution

23. Increased tensions between colonies and Britain inspired slaves to resist Most slaves sided with British Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation (1775) Join to reassert royal authority 500,000 blacks in America Only 25,000 were free men Some slaves escaped to freedom in confusion of war Pose as free men Escape on British ships or to British territories Participation as Patriots Early ban Armies needed support Northern states lead to abolish or phase out slavery Quakers led the charge Slave imports almost eliminated New opportunities, same discrimination Free blacks as second-class citizens Prince Hall and “return to Africa” Granted civil rights Slavery as “necessary evil” Blacks and Slaves of the Revolution

24. Natives of the Revolution • Half of the population from 1754 to 1783 wiped out • New land acquisitions led to increased hostilities • Adapted lifestyle by incorporating European goods • Appealed to Congress on recognizing territories; little to no support

25. A New Form of Government? • States drafted new constitutions • Defined citizens’ rights • Increased the power of the legislatures • Fear of powerful executives • Republicanism vs. democracy • Republicanism preferred landed elites, power in the hands of a few • Democracy synonymous with “mob rule” and development of corrupt factions • Debate on who may vote • Whites? Property owners? All males? Women? Christians?

26. Articles of Confederation • Each state retains its “sovereignty, freedom, and independence” • Unicameral legislature and weak national government • No executive or judicial system • Could not regulate commerce • Voting and Ratification • Each state received one vote • No new tax or amendments without unanimous consent

27. Northwest Ordinance • Land Ordinance of 1785 • Six-square-mile township • Each township divided into 36 sections of 640 acres each • One section contributed as source of income for schools • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • Land north of Ohio River • Forbade slavery unless new state legalized it • Admitting states • Appoint territorial officials • Once 5,000 adult males settled then vote on temporary constitution and legislature • When population at 60,000, residents approve state constitution • Angered Natives • Hoped for British support • Deals with the Spanish

28. Problems with the Articles • War debt led to increased borrowing from abroad • Lack of faith in currency led to inflation • Failure to generate and appropriate funds • New England suffers from British trade prohibitions • Middle States have prosperous harvests • Southern States introduce new crops leading to underemployment of slave labor

29. Tensions rise Jay-Gardoqui Treaty New England’s depression Merchants and shippers preferred a stronger government to secure improved commerce Massachusetts farmers in serious debt Held meetings protesting “tyrannical Mass. government” Daniel Shays led 2,000 men to shut down western courts to avoid foreclosures Failed but support for Shays and farmers grew Nationalists more determined to reform the Articles fearing disunion Shays’s Rebellion (1786-1787)

30. Toward a Constitution • Annapolis Convention (1786) • After a meeting run by Washington, delegates from five states meet in Maryland to discuss interstate commerce • Decide to reform Articles with other delegates • Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia • All states but Rhode Island • Held in secrecy • Common nationalist viewpoint • Reform Articles or devise new government altogether? • The Delegates • 55 total delegates; all white males • Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional (especially lawyers or politicians) • 19 delegates owned slaves • George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin

31. Virginia Plan Strong central government Virtually total legislative control over the states Bicameral legislature Proportional representation to each states population in both houses Lower house directly elected Lower house elected upper house with input from state legislatures Both houses chose executive and judicial New Jersey Plan Unicameral legislature Each state with an equal vote Representation?

32. Great Compromise • Bicameral legislature • Lower house (House of Representatives) based on proportion of each state’s population and directly elected • Upper house (Senate) based on equal representation of 2 senators each and elected by state legislatures • NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans allowed for Congress to pass revenue bills, regulate commerce, supremacy over states

33. Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances/Federalism • National government divided equally among three branches: legislative (make laws), executive (enforce laws), judicial (interpret laws) • Each branch checked each other • Federalism: division of powers between national government and states

34. Three-Fifths Compromise and Slavery • Concerning representation, Southern states requested slave populations counted while Northern states noted hypocrisy and advantage • Each slave counted as 3/5ths a person • Prohibited citizens from preventing return of escaped slaves • Importation of slaves banned by 1808

35. Strong central government Well-funded and politically organized Favored by merchants, urban centers, frontiersmen The Federalist Papers Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 51 States rights Argued for a Bill of Rights Favored by small farmers Federalists vs Anti-Federalists

36. Bill of Rights • First Ten Amendments • Guarantee of civil liberties • First Amendment • Establishment Clause • Freedom of… • Tenth Amendment • Federalism

37. Washington and the Constitution • Washington unanimously elected • John Adams as VP • Status and leadership • The Cabinet • Secretary of State, Treasury, War; Attorney General • Judiciary Act of 1789 • NOTE: Supreme Court held final decisions • Established federal judicial system • Federal district court in each state • Attorney General created • Whiskey Rebellion (1794) • Use of federal troops exemplified national power

38. Reports on the Public Credit Develop the nation’s credit especially abroad Fund debt by selling bonds Assume state debts Pay off interest rather than pay principle: “perpetual debt” Opponents argued wealthy would benefit greatly Southern farmers fear growth of Northern businesses Brokers a deal with Madison and Jefferson Assume debt Capital in the South Report on a National Bank Safe place for revenues Develop nation’s credit Issue of paper notes Established as a private institution Opponents - Jefferson and Madison Another attempt to enrich the Northern businesses and commercial interests Washington signs into law in 1791 Chartered for 20 years Hamilton argued based on “necessary and proper clause” (SEE MCULLOGH V. MARYLAND - 1819) Hamilton and the National Bank

39. Opposition and Whiskey Rebellion • Hamilton’s economic policies tended to benefit urban and commercial interests • Southern and Western farmers had little benefit • Excise tax on domestic whiskey • Western Pennsylvanian farmers attacked federal tax collectors • Washington and Hamilton led federal troops and quashed the rebels • Asserted federal authority over lawlessness • Public could denounce and protest laws

40. Washington’s Foreign Policy • Growing fear of Spain and Natives in the West • French Revolution alienates U.S. and France • Citizen Genet • Treaty of Greenville • After routing Shawnees at Battle of Fallen Timbers • Jay’s Treaty (1796) • Removed British from Northwest forts • Most-favored trade status to Britain • No compensation for lost slaves • Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty (1796) • Established boundaries with Spain • Unrestricted trade access on the Mississippi River

41. Federalists Pro-British Anti-French revolution Vote for elites, not policies Democratic-Republicans Diffuse power among people Included small farmers, merchants, artisans Pro-France Washington’s Farewell Address Retired after two terms Condemned political parties and partisan conflicts Preserve treaties and avoid alliances Political Parties & Washington’s Farewell

42. John Adams’s Presidency • Election of 1796 • Federalists had New England, New Jersey, South Carolina • Dem-Reps had South • Pennsylvania (D-R) and New York (Fed) • XYZ Affair • French seized American ships • French ambassador demanded bribe to meet delegation • Reaction led to Quasi-War (1798-1800) • Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) • Deport or jail foreign citizens believed as threats • Expel foreign residents if considered dangerous • Increase residency requirement • Criticism of government prohibited • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Madison’s Virginia Resolution • State legislatures, through interposition, never surrendered right to determine constitutionality of federal actions • Jefferson’s Kentucky Resolution • Ultimate sovereignty reserved for the states • Could nullify federal laws

43. Election of 1800 • Political efficacy more than doubled given the increased partisan politics • Dem-Reps gathered increased support as Federalists weakened • Adams lost, but Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied • Hamilton secured Federalist support for Jefferson • House elected Jefferson • Smooth transition of leadership signaled the success of the New Republic

44. An American Society • In the past, most families produced for personal consumption • In the new nation, families attempted to meet new demands and focused on production with old and new markets • New class of entrepreneurs and investors • Split between manufacturers (Hamilton) and farmers (Jefferson)

45. Women in the New Republic • Little gain for women regarding civic rights and status as wives • Could choose who to marry; less emphasis on obedience and subordination • Having less babies due to urbanization, smaller farm lands, burdens of pregnancies • “Republican motherhood” • Civic duty to teach children on nation’s ideals • Increased educational opportunities • Outside opportunities still limited

46. Blacks and Slaves in the New Republic • Increase in hypocrisy of liberty/equality and existence of slavery • Improved slave conditions • More protections on free blacks regarding movement and property • Civic rights still limited, even by federal law • Opportunities as artisans and landowners • Benjamin Banneker • Free African Society of Philadelphia • Richard Allen & Absalom Jones • Fugitive Slave Law • Escaped slaves returned with no trial by jury or evidence • Free blacks not afforded Bill of Rights • Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800) • Inspired by Haitian Revolution and took advantage of partisan politics • Plot uncovered and increased fears among slave owners • The introduction of the cotton gin • Eli Whitney (1793) invented machine to separate cotton seeds from fibers • With increased production, demand for slaves increased and “King Cotton”

47. Massachusetts - 100% 7,378 Free Blacks Vermont - 100% 557 Free Blacks New Hampshire - 99% 855 Free Blacks Rhode Island - 90% 3,304 Free Blacks Pennsylvania - 89% 14,564 Free Blacks Connecticut - 85% 5,300 Free Blacks Delaware - 57% 8,268 Free Blacks New York - 33% 10,374 Free Blacks New Jersey - 26% 4,402 Free Blacks Maryland - 16% 19,587 Free Blacks Virginia - 6% 20,124 Free Blacks North Carolina - 5% 7,043 Free Blacks South Carolina - 2% 3,185 Free Blacks Georgia - 2% 1,019 Free Blacks Kentucky - 2% 741 Free Blacks Tennessee - 2% 309 Free Blacks United States - 11% 108,395 Free Blacks Percentage of Free Blacks of Total Black Population (1800) Total U.S. Population: 5.3 million Total Black Population: 1 million

48. Natives in New Republic • Populations and lands severely depleted due to famine, disease, and encroachment by white settlers • Taken advantage by white traders due to unfamiliarity to American economic system • Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-1796) • Protect against illegal land seizures and abuses • “civilization” programs