Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution Bryn Kelly Elissa Adams Period 3

2. Industrial Revolution • Industrial Revolution- a period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing and production. • Started in mid 1700’s • Cities and Populations grew because of improved trade, agriculture and transportation • Great Britain -higher demand for manufactured goods • Economic transition = production become increasingly specialized, mechanized, organized and efficient http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=UHIC&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3434900348&mode=view • One of the first breakthroughs was in the textile industry • Cloth made from cotton and wool • Steam engines helped the machines depend on something other than the water wheel

4. Eli Whitney By: David Zhang and Mitchell Koganski

5. Eli Whitney American inventor who graduated from Yale University. Invented things such as the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, advancing the Industrial Age. He greatly sparked the massive increase of cotton production.

6. Interchangeable Parts People couldn’t make guns fast enough for the government so Eli Whitney tried to solve these problems. He created interchangeable parts, parts of a machine that are identical, and promised that he could build 10,000 muskets in 2 years. This helped speed up mass production because now we could make guns a lot faster because we could use any similar part.

7. Cotton Gin Removed cotton seeds from cotton fibers. It improved production speed and revolutionized the American industry. One gin could produce 50 times more cotton than a slave laborer. Cotton needed a large amount of factory workers and even though slavery was being outlawed in the world, the system was starting to be used even more.

8. Labor Unions Alex Kothe and Madeleine Grunde-McLaughlin

9. Labor Unions • Horrible working conditions at mills and factories • Low pay • Stressful, tedious, dangerous work • Cotton dust caused health problems like chronic cough • Deafening noise • Dangerous equipment could seriously injure • Adults and children were constantly injured

10. Children working at a cotton mill Children were often injured during these dangerous jobs

11. Sarah G. Baley • Sarah G. Baley founded Lowell female Labor reform in 1844 • Publicized workers bad situations with pamphlets and petitions • Wanted to apply the President’s rule of 10 hr. work days to the mill workers (12-14) • New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, & other states passed • Others kept long workdays. • 1845 she was elected vice president of the New England Working Men’s Association

12. Steamboat By: Eliza Frey and DarshanaParamesh

13. Steamboats • Invented by Robert Fulton in 1803 • He tested the first commercial steamboat, the Clearmont, in the US • First journey was on the Hudson River on August 9th, 1807 • Well-suited for river travel • 500+ steamboats were used in the US by 1840

14. Steamboats • Gibbons vs. Ogden: Supreme Court case in 1824, it ended the monopoly over the waterways • Freed waters to even greater trade and shipping

15. STEAMBOAT European and Americans had made steam-powered boats in the late 1700’s. They were not in wide use until the early 1800’s. The French man, Robert Fulton, tested the first full-sized commercial steamboat, called the Clermont, In the U.S.A. On August 9, 1807, the Clermont traveled up the Hudson River with no trouble, after that the demand for the steamboat ferry rocketed. Steamboats increased trade and profit because trade by river was now quicker and easier, thus making it cheaper. By 1840 more than 500 steamboats were in use. By the 1850’s they were used to carry people and goods across the Atlantic too

16. Cotton Gin Cotton Gin is a machine that was created by Eli Whitney to separate the seeds from the short- staple cotton which was hard to process It was patented in 1793 Gin is an abbreviation for engine The cotton gin made cotton very profitable Southern farmers left their crops to grown cotton because of the Cotton Gin Cotton production spread throughout the South as far West as Texas, this was called the cotton belt The Cotton gin ultimately lead to an economic boom

17. How it Works • First an operator turns the crank • The crank turns a roller with teeth that strips away the seeds • Brushes on the second roller lift the seedless cotton off the teeth and drops it out of the machine • A belt connected the rollers so that they both will turn when the crank is turned Cotton Gin Machine Eli Whitney

18. Nativist Movements By: Eliza Frey and DarshanaParamesh

19. Nativist Movement • Nativists: people who were against immigration • The industrialization of America brought more foreigners • “ Look at the…thieves and vagabonds(tramps) roaming our streets… monopolizing(taking) business which properly belongs to our native and true-born citizens.” ~from election flyer

20. Nativist Movement • Know- Nothing Party: created in 1849 to make it difficult for foreigners to become citizens • Kept Catholics out of public office as well as immigrants

21. Temperance Movement Alex Kothe and Madeleine Grunde-McLaughlin

22. Temperance • The temperance movement urged people to use self-discipline to stop drinking hard liquor • Social reformers believed Americans drank too much • Americans believed alcohol abuse was the cause of social problems such as family violence, poverty, and criminal behavior • People were asked to limit themselves to beer and wine in small amounts • The American Temperance Society and American Temperance Union spread the message • The clergy believed alcohol was a “sinister temptation from the devil” and the clergymen thought their job was to rescue the Christians • Minister Lyman Beecher said the alcohol caused those who drank to neglect the education of their families, and corrupt their morals

24. Alex and Brandon, Where is Prison Reform?

25. Prison Reform The conditions in the prisons were very poor. Mentally ill people were often jailed with other criminals. Dorothea Dix was a middle class reformer who reported the poor conditions, after going to several Massachusetts jails. Dix impacted prisons greatly, she made it so more than 100 state hospitals gave mentally ill people proper care. Young prisoners received less severe punishment than adults. Other reformers attempted to end overcrowding and poor conditions and also managed to offer education for the prisoners.

26. American Anti-Slavery Society By Brooke Zlotshewer and Taylor Mealey

27. Abolitionist were people that supported the complete end to slavery • The American Anti-SlaverySociety, were members who wanted immediate emancipation and racial equality for African Americans • In 1833, William Lloyd Garrison helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society and later he was made president. American Anti-Slavery Society

28. He also published an abolitionist newspaper, the Liberator, in 1831 • Members spread anti-slavery literature and petitioned Congress to end federal support of slavery. • The society eventually split into 2 groups, one wanted immediate emancipation for African Americans and a bigger role for women, and the other wanted gradual emancipation and minor roles for women. American Anti-Slavery Society

29. Frederick Douglass/ SojournerTruth

30. secretly learned to read and write as a boy, despite laws against. • escaped when he was 20 • Great public speaking skills, American anti-slavery society asked him to give regular lectures 1841. • Speaking tours through Europe and America published North Star newspaper and wrote several autobiographies to show injustice of slavery. Frederick Douglass

31. claimed God called her to travel through US and preach about slavery and women’s rights. • Deep voice and quick wit, fiery and dramatic speeches. Considered legendary in anti-slavery movement • After her son died, she became a preacher and adopted the name Sojourner Truth because, voices directed her to sojourn the countryside and speak God's truth • became one of the most popular speakers for the abolitionist cause Sojourner Truth Sources used: Holt United States History Beginnings to 1877 Textbook

32. Underground Railroad

33. Underground Railroad • A group of free African Americans, former slaves and a few whites joined in 1830s to help slaves and free African Americans to escape to the North. • The underground railroad was not actually a railroad, but a network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for the runaways. • Harriet Tubman was the conductor on the Underground Railroad

34. MAP!!!

35. Underground Railroad Bryn Kelly Elissa Adams Period 3

36. Underground Railroad • Underground Railroad- A network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for fugitives or escaped slaves • Travel in groups that led to northern states or Canada • No central leadership or real structure / organization • Often wore disguises • Moved along routes called “railroads” • Stations that the stopped at were often attics, barns or properties owned by abolitionists (station masters) http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=UHIC&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3048900639&mode=view • Harriet Tubman famous conductor who escaped slavery in 1849 • Successfully led more than 300 slaves to freedom • Reward for capture was over $40,000 at one point

37. Harriet Tubman at her home in 1911

38. Seneca Falls Convention Sophia Ye http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=UHIC&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3437703977&mode=view

39. Seneca Falls Convention • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott attended World’s Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840 • Angered because women had to sit behind curtain and not allowed to participate with men abolitionists • Lucretia Mott • Found that her teacher’s salary was half of male teachers’ salary due to her gender • Became a Quaker and active in temperance, peace, and abolition of slavery movement • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • When marrying Henry Stanton in 1840, obedience to husband is left out of wedding vows • Active in abolition of slavery and women’s rights • Circulated petitions leading to married women’s property bill in 1848 • Held Seneca Falls Convention, first public women’s rights meeting in United States, on July 19, 1848 at Seneca Falls, NY

40. Declaration of Sentiments • Written at Seneca Falls Convention • Explained and protested against social injustice towards women • Signed by about one hundred people • Based on Declaration of Independence • “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are equal” • Brought eighteen charges against men=eighteen charges were brought against King George III • Demanded equal education, right to speak in public, equal access to jobs and trade, equality in marriage, and right to vote (suffrage) • Many men abolitionists and reformers in temperance movement attended

41. Uncle Tom’s Cabin

42. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • The book was about a slave named Tom who was a good obedient slave and was owned master was good to him, but was sold “down the river” to a harsh master and then he was eventually beaten to death.

43. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Stowe was a white woman who was shocked and angered by the Fugitive Slave Act • The book was not well received in the South, but made the North reconsider slavery • Stowe was called “the little lady who created this big war” by Abraham Lincoln in 1862 (one year after the Civil War started) • Today it is used as an insult to African Americans that means that the person will do whatever the whites ask and not be independent, like a doormat

44. Uncle Toms Cabin was an anti-slavery novel • Harriet Beecher Stowe was the daughter of a Connecticut minister • She moved to Ohio where she learned about the cruelties of slavery • Over two million copies were sold in a decade • It was a factor to the start of the Civil War • It was published in 1852