Welcome Back! Grab a Computer

1. Welcome Back! Grab a Computer • Bell Ringer: • 1.In groups answer your manifest destiny questions. 10 minutes • 2. Using the PPT on class page, fill in chart. This must be completed for Tomorrow • Agenda and Objective: Through homework review students will identify the impact of Manifest Destiny in Western Politics

2. Bell Ringer:What does this picture mean in regards to Manifest destiny?Who coined the phrase?“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

3. Chapter 18 Rising Sectionalism

4. Manifest Destiny

5. Manifest Destiny • ThespreadofsettlersbeyondU.S. borders led to widespread calls for annexation of newly-settled lands • The term “Manifest Destiny” was 1st used in 1845 by newspaper editor John O’Sullivan, who said: • GodwantstheUSA(“Hischosen nation”) to become stronger • Expansion of American democracy & economic opportunities were a good thing

6. Western Trails Joseph Smith’s murder led to resettlement in Salt Lake, Utah where Brigham Young built a Mormon community (“Deseret”) The Santa Fe Trail allowed the U.S. to sell goods to Texas In 1857, Mormon Utah became a U.S. territory & Young was named governor The Oregon Trail led to massive immigration of western farmers in 1840s & demands to end the joint U.S.-British occupation of Oregon The California Trail allowed traders & ranchers to move to California in 1830s & 1840s Joseph Smith founded the Mormon Church in 1830, but were persecuted in the East for their unorthodox beliefs

7. The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

8. Overland Immigration to the West Between 1840 & 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward

9. 19th Century US Territorial Expansion: MaineTexas OregonCalifornia

10. Maine

11. Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century • Canada • In 1839, fighting broke out between residents in Maine & Canada over the disputed Maine border • Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842): • The U.S. received ½ the disputed land • Established a clear border in Maine

12. Texas

13. Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century • Texas • In 1821, Mexico won independence from Spain • The new Mexican government opted for a free-trade policy with USA • Thousands of U.S. speculators moved to Texas

14. The Texas Revolution “Texans” ignored the Mexican ban on slavery • In the 1820s, Mexico encouraged U.S. immigration to Texas but problems emerged between “Anglos” & the new Mexican gov’t • Texans never fully accepted Mexican rules • In 1834, Santa Anna became dictator & was viewed as threat to Texans’ interests • An armed rebellion broke out in 1835, led by Stephen F. Austin “Texans” refused to convert to Catholicism “Texans” refused to pay import duties “Texans” wanted self-rule like in the U.S.

15. The Republic of Texas (1836-1845) • In 1836 Texans declared their independence from Mexico & wrote a national constitution • But the war for independence still had to be fought

16. Texans were defeated at the Alamo Texans were defeated at Goliad In May 1836, Santa Anna recognized Texas’ independence & its territory to the Rio Grande But…Texans won at San Jacinto & captured General Santa Anna

17. Davey Crockett’s Last Stand The Battle of the Alamo General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna recaptures the Alamo

18. The Republic of Texas • SamHoustonwasthe1stpresident of the Republic of Texas & asked the U.S. to make Texas a state • Presidents Jackson & Van Buren both refused to annex Texas (to avoid arguments over slavery) • Texas offered free land grants to U.S. settlers; white families in search of land & opportunity moved to Texas in 1830s & 1840s Texas’ population soared from 30,000 to 142,000 by 1845

19. Tyler and Texas • In 1844, President Tyler called for the annexation of Texas: • Tyler (Whig) & Calhoun (Dem) created a propaganda campaign that England wanted Texas • Northern Senators did not fall for it & refused to ratify the treaty to annex Texas • Tyler was not nominated by either party in the 1844 election Tyler needed to make Texas a campaign issue in the election of 1844 because he had been kicked out of the Whig Party & hoped to appeal to the common man

20. Polk & Texas Annexation • In 1844, the Whigs nominated Henry Clay & the Democrats nominated James Polk • Polk won on expansionist platform • Called for Texas annexation • Called for an end to the joint U.S.-British control of Oregon • Polk & Congress interpreted the election as mandate for expansion & Texas was quickly made a state Appealed to the South Appealed to the North

22. Mexican-American War • Causes of the Mexican War: • Mexico recognized Texas’ independence & U.S. annexation, but disagreed over Texas’ southern border • In May 1846, Polk sent U.S. General Zachary Taylor beyond the Rio Grande River which led to the Mexican-American War

23. The Mexican-American War John C Fremont won in California The disputed area of Texas Zachary Taylor won in northern Mexico Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico Winfield Scott captured Mexico City

24. Opposition to the Mexican War Not everyone supported the Mexican-American War Whigs opposed it Northerners saw it as a Southern “slave-power” plot to extend slavery

25. Ending the Mexican War The U.S. grew 20% by adding the Mexican Cession (present-day NM, AZ, CA, Utah, NV, & parts of CO & WY Added the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 to build a southern transcontinental railroad • In 1848, U.S. & Mexico ended the war with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: The Rio Grande became the recognized U.S. southern border

26. Oregon

27. Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century • Oregon • U.S. & Britain jointly occupied Oregon (Spain relinquished its claims to Oregon in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819) • Britain claimed a greater stake of Oregon via Hudson Bay Co. (fur trade)

28. The Oregon Boundary Dispute But, the USA & England compromised & divided Oregon along 49th parallel in 1846 Oregon residents demanded the entire territory: “54º40’ or fight!” In 1846, President Polk notified Britain that the U.S. wanted full control of Oregon

29. Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century Benefits of Oregon: the U.S. gained its 1st deep-water port in the Pacific & Northern abolitionists saw Oregon as a balance to slave-state Texas

30. California

31. Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century • California • In 1833, the new Mexican gov’t awarded land grants to rancheros who quickly replaced the missionary padres • In 1830s, the U.S. was eager to enter the cowhide trade

32. The Bear Flag Republic Like Texas, California operated as an independent nation; the California Republic existed for one month from June 1846 to July 1846 when it was annexed by the United States • California settlers used John Fremont’s occupation of California during the Mexican-American War as an opportunity to revolt from Mexico in 1846 California became a U.S. state as part of the Compromise of 1850

33. The California Gold Rush • The discovery of gold in 1848 led to a massive influx of prospectors in 1849 (the “forty-niners”): • Few miners struck it rich • The real money made in CA was in supplying miners with food, saloons, & provisions • Thegoldrushledtoapopulation boom, increase in agriculture, & multicultural Californian society

35. Where the 49ers Came From

36. Conclusions: The Costs of Expansion

37. The Costs of Expansion • Theimpact of territorial expansion: • Historian Fredrick Jackson Turner noted in the 1890s that expansion shaped Americans into an adventurous, optimistic, & democratic people • But, expansion created sectional conflicts between the North & South, especially over slavery

38. U.S. Territorial Expansion

39. Sectionalism: complete chart

40. The Beginnings of Sectionalism • As Americans expanded West in the 1840s, conflicts intensified between the North & the South regarding the issue of slavery • But…the existence of two strong political parties (Democrats & Whigs) that were both popular in the North, South, & West helped keep America from splitting apart

41. The Slave Question Reemerges • The Constitution gave no definite authority to abolish slavery other than voluntary state action • Abolitionists knew it would be impossible to get enough votes to pass an amendment outlawing slavery • But, northerners in Congress couldforbidslaveryinnewstates as they were added to the Union

42. The Slave Question Reemerges • The slavery issue in the West had been settled by the Missouri Compromise in 1820… • But the new states added in the 1840s & 1850s led to problems: • Texas (slave state) balanced by Oregon (free territory) • What about California & New Mexico? Both were south of the Missouri Compromise line Slavery was not entrenched in either territory

43. The Wilmot Proviso • The Wilmot Proviso was presented by Northerners in 1846 to: • Ban all blacks (free & slave) from the Mexican Cession in order to preserve land for white farmers • Attempt to limit the perceived “pro-Southern” Polk presidency • The Wilmot Proviso did not pass in Congress but its debate revealed sectional (not party) divisions A major shift in politics is looming involving sectional political parties

44. Activity… • With your neighbor, and textbook fill out the charts that deal with sectional events that lead to the civil war. • Rank in importance the event • What were the effects felt by both the North and South regarding these issues?

45. The Election of 1848 Northern Democrats liked it (let settlers decide) Southern Democrats liked it (let state conventions decide) Northern Whigs supported Taylor because he promised to let Congress decide slavery in the territories • Slavery in the West was a key issue in the Election of 1848: • Democrat Lewis Cass proposed popular sovereignty to allow territorial settlers (not Congress) to decide slavery in the West • Whig candidate Zachary Taylor evaded the slavery issue • TheFree Soil Party was created by Northern abolitionists who nominated Martin Van Buren Free Soilers were not abolitionists; They were against the expansion of slavery into the West Southern Whigs supported Taylor because he owned slaves

46. Taylor won the election, but Free Soilers did well in the North

47. The Compromise of 1850

48. Reasons for Compromise of 1850 • Southerners were mad when Taylor proposed admitting New Mexico & California as states • Popular sovereignty would make California a free state • New Mexico had no slaves or a climate adequate for slavery • John C Calhoun led the Nashville Convention to discuss Southern secession

49. The Debate Over Slavery Webster: The North will never accept secession Calhoun: The South must protect slavery & will “peacefully” secede Clay: We must compromise The Compromise of 1850 was the last debate of the “Great Triumvirate”

50. The Compromise of 1850 Ended the slave trade in Washington DC (but not slavery) California was admitted as a free state Taylor threatened to veto the compromise but his death in 1850 allowed VP Millard Fillmore to sign the Compromise of 1850 A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was created to appease the South Popular sovereignty would decide slavery in Utah & New Mexico