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Grade Graphing

Grade Graphing. What You Will Do. Place the date of each assignment on the x-axis near the bottom of your paper leaving some extra room Place percentage marks starting from 0 to 100% on the y-axis Add a negative value to your y-axis—missing assignments—below the 0 on the y-axis

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Grade Graphing

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  1. Grade Graphing

  2. What You Will Do • Place the date of each assignment on the x-axis near the bottom of your paper leaving some extra room • Place percentage marks starting from 0 to 100% on the y-axis • Add a negative value to your y-axis—missing assignments—below the 0 on the y-axis • Create a colored histogram (bar graph) showing how much credit (percentage) you received per assignment • Missing assignments should show a bar going below the x-axis

  3. It Should Look Like…

  4. Part Two • What is a Gene? • Recall from your cancer reading homework • Think about the DNA animal you drew (write this down) A gene is a piece of DNA that codes for proteins. The proteins created from a gene have a specific function for the organism.

  5. Genes • All genes come in different forms known as alleles. • You received two genes/alleles from your parents– one allele from mom and the other allele from dad. • Alleles can be either dominant or recessive • Dominant: (capital letters)– this gene/allele rules over recessive alleles • Recessive: (lowercase letters)– this gene/allele is overruled when paired with a dominant allele

  6. The breakdown

  7. Examples • Eye Color • Blue Eye color is a recessive allele (b) • Brown Eye color is a dominant allele (B) • What eye color will theses allele pairs show? BB Bb bb (Brown) (Brown) (Blue)

  8. What you will do • Use the chart below to find the allele you and your classmates possess. • We will collect the class data and create a class graph to determine what alleles are dominant and recessive.

  9. Data and Question (P3) • Are you more likely to get a dominant allele or a recessive allele from your parents? Why or why not?

  10. Data and Question (P4) • Are you more likely to get a dominant allele or a recessive allele from your parent? Why or why not?

  11. Genotype • Your parents each gave you an allele for a specific gene (hair color, eye shape etc.) . The pair of alleles is known as a Genotype. • Three different Genotypes: BB bbBb Homozygous(both alleles are the same) Heterozygous (both alleles are different)

  12. Phenotype • The physical characteristic or trait defined by a gene/allele is known as the phenotype. • Phenotypes for the eye color gene: blue eyes, brown eyes, green eyes

  13. How do we predict Geno and Phenotypes? • Punnett Squares • A punnett square uses the parent genotype (P=parent) to predict all the possible offspring (f1=first filial) genotypes. Monohybrid Cross

  14. Punnett Squares • The gametes (pollen or egg) produced by each flower only have half (1N) the DNA meaning offspring only get one of the alleles from each parent

  15. Dihybrid Cross • Punnettsqares can make predictions for two genotypes at once in a dihybrid cross. What are the parent genotypes? SsBb

  16. Other forms of heredity • Some genes are dominant or recessive What are the different phenotypes going to be? RR= Red Rr = Red Rr = White

  17. Other forms of heredity • Not every gene is dominant or recessive… • What if: • RR= Red • rr= White • Rr= PINK? When a heterozygous pair have a BLENDED phenotype the genes have incomplete dominance.

  18. Other forms of heredity • Not every gene is dominant or recessive… • What if: • RR= Red • rr= White • Rr= RedAND White? WhenaheterozygouspairhaveaMIXEDphenotypethe genesarecodominant

  19. Incomplete or Codominant?

  20. Incomplete or Codominant?

  21. Your task: Gummy Bears • Use the gene guide for dominance, co-dominance and incomplete dominance. Determine the genotypes and phenotypes for each gene pair. Check with me when finished. • Complete the lab of gummy bear crosses using punnette squares to determine what genotypes and phenotypes will appear in the offspring. Record in comp book. • Match the appropriate bear to each problem.

  22. Sex Linked Genes X Y • How is sex (male or female) determined in humans? The X-female and Y-male chromosomes Female = XX Male= XY Deformed = -Y, X-, XYY, XXY, XXX,

  23. Sex Linked Genes • The X and Y sex chromosomes have genes like all other chromosomes • Because the genotype for male (XY) and female (XX) people is different, the phenotype is different too.

  24. Sex Linked Genes • Example: Hemophilia = poor blood clotting due to mutation on a gene found in the X chromosome. • Xh = recessive allele for hemophilia • XH = dominant allele for normal blood clotting Genotype Phenotype

  25. Sex Linked Genes • Who has Hemophilia? • Female Genotypes -- Phenotypes • XhXh • XHXH • XHXh • Male Genotypes-- Phenotypes • XHY • XhY The chance of getting a recessive Xh is 1/7000 1/7000 men have hemophelia 1/49,000,000 women have hemopheila YES NO NO NO YES

  26. Sex Linked Genes • Because men only have one X chromosome, they are more likely to show recessive genotypes and phenotypes • Male recessive X- conditions: • Hemophilia • Red-Green Color Blindness • Male Pattern Baldness

  27. Pedigree • Pedigrees are family trees that visually tell us how genes have been passed from one generation to the next. • We can sue pedigrees to predict if a gene is dominant, recessive, or sex-linked.

  28. Pedigree Sex Linked? Dominant? Recessive?

  29. Karyotypes Spectral Karyotype • What do you see in the picture? • How is each pair different? • Can we actually see genes?

  30. Karyotypes • Karyotypes examine all of the chromosomes of an organism. • Karyotypes are useful for categorizing the chromosomes by number and appearance. • We use karyotypes today to see how genetic mutations change our chromosomes.

  31. Normal Human Karyotype • What is different between this picture and the previous?

  32. Comparison • Genotype • Phenotype • Karyotype H H H

  33. Turner Syndrome • What is wrong with this karyotype?

  34. Down Syndrome • What is wrong with this karyotype?

  35. “Cri du chat” Syndrome • What is wrong with this karyotype?

  36. Your Task Use the karyotype sheet provided to find genetic chromosome disorders for six different insects. Copy the chart below in your composition book to record answers.

  37. Multiple Alleles • Some genes have multiple alleles (multiple dominant or recessive genes) that create greater genotypic and phenotypic variation. • (think back to the gummy bear lab)

  38. Blood Types • Blood Type: A, B, AB, o • A = dominant • B = dominant • AB = co-dominant • o = recessive Universal receiver Universal Donor Blood types tell us about the specific antigen on the outside of your blood cells.

  39. Blood Typing Practice(complete crosses 1-2) 1) Homozygous A crosses with co-dominant AB • What genotypes and phenotypes appear in the offspring? 2) Heterozygous oA crosses with co-dominant AB • What genotypes and phenotypes appear in the offspring?

  40. DNA Mutations • Frame Shift • Deletion • Addition

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