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The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System. The Skeletal System. Newborn Baby= 350 bones Fusion of bones Mature Adult= 206 bones. Purposes of the bones of the Skeletal System:. Provide a framework for the body Protect vital organs (brain, spinal cord)

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The Skeletal System

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  1. The Skeletal System

  2. The Skeletal System • Newborn Baby= 350 bones • Fusion of bones • Mature Adult= 206 bones

  3. Purposes of the bones of the Skeletal System: • Provide a framework for the body • Protect vital organs (brain, spinal cord) • Serve as levers, when muscles are attached, to help us lift and move • Store calcium, which may be reabsorbed into the blood if there is not enough calcium in the diet • Produce blood cells in the red bone marrow

  4. Bones • Five most common categories: • Long • Short • Flat • Irregular • Sesamoid

  5. Long bones • Form legs and arms (humerus, femur) • Parts of long bones: • Shaft (diaphysis): longest portion • Compact bone: solid, outer layer • Epiphysis: end of the bone that is shaped to connect to other bones (using ligaments and muscles) • Spongy bone: layer inside the compact bone that covers the space in which marrow is stored

  6. Short bones • Small, cube-shaped bones of the wrists, ankles and toes • Outer layer of compact bone • Inner layer of cellous bone-bone with a latticework structure

  7. Flat bones • Large, flat surfaces • Cover organs • Provide a surface for large areas of muscle • Shoulder blades, pelvis, skull

  8. Irregular bones • Specialized bones with specific shapes • Ears, vertebrae, face

  9. Sesamoid bones • Formed in a tendon near joints • Patella (kneecap) • Also found in hands and feet

  10. Extensions and depressions • Serve as sites for attaching muscles and tendons • Ex: greater trochanter-bony extension near upper end of femur

  11. Bone marrow • Soft connective tissue • Production of blood cells • Red Bone Marrow: infant bones and flat bones of adults; where red blood cells (RBC’s) start to develop • Yellow Bone Marrow: in most other adult bones; made of connective tissue filled with fat

  12. Bones of the Head • Sutures: points where skull or cranial bones join

  13. Bones of the Spinal Column • Five segments of vertebrae • Each separated by a cartilaginous disc • Space between vertebral body and back= spinal cord

  14. Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacrum: 5 at birth, fuse in adulthood Coccyx: 4 fused bones

  15. Bones of the Chest • Clavicle • Scapula • Sternum • Xyphoid Process • Ribs: • True Ribs (7) • False Ribs (3) • Floating Ribs (2)

  16. Bones of the Pelvis • Pubic Symphysis • Pelvic Girdle • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis

  17. Bones of the Extremeties • Arm: • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Carpals • Metacarpals • Phalanges

  18. Bones of the Extremeties • Leg: • Femur • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Calcaneus • Metatarsals • Phalanges

  19. Joints: • Points where bones connect • Bones connect to other bones using ligaments • Ligaments: bands of fibrous tissue • Movement of joint depends on the body’s need

  20. Diarthroses: joints that move freely

  21. Amphiarthroses: Cartilaginous Joints that move slightly

  22. Synarthroses: Joints that do not move; Join bones firmly

  23. Synovial Joints: (another name for diarthroses) Joints covered with a membrane that secretes a fluid lubricant to help the joint move easily

  24. Fractures • Breaks or cracks in bones • Types: • Closed: break with no open wound • Simple (hairline): fracture, does not move any part of the bone out of place • Open (compound fracture): break with an open wound

  25. Fractures, cot’d • Types: • Greenstick (incomplete): incomplete bone break • Comminuted: break in which the bone is fragmented or shattered • Colles’: break of the lower end of the radius • Complicated: fracture with extensive soft tissue injury

  26. Fractures, cot’d • Types: • Impacted: fragment from one part of a fracture is driven into the tissue of another part • Compression: break in one or more vertebrae caused by a compressing or squeezing between the vertebrae • Spiral: occurs when a bone is twisted apart

  27. Diseases of the Skeletal System • Osteoporosis: softening of the bones due to lack of calcium • Occurs most often in post-menopausal women • Loss of bone density and easily broken bones

  28. Diseases of the Skeletal System • Osteomyelitis: bacteria in the bone tissue • Severe pain at the end of the bone • Bone damage

  29. Diseases of the Skeletal System • Arthritis: inflammation of the joints • Pain, stiffness, aching • Limited range of motion • Range of motion: measurement of the degree to which a joint is capable of moving • Osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis

  30. Diseases of the Skeletal System • Sprain: injury or trauma to the joints that tears ligaments • Pain, swelling, tenderness, inability to move the area • Usually heal within two weeks

  31. Diseases of the Skeletal System • Herniated Disc: one or more of the spinal discs balloon out from inside the bony parts of the vertebrae • Can cause unbearable pain if pressing on a nerve

  32. Posture/Spinal Conditions • Kyphosis: humpback, rounding forward of the thoracic vertebrae • Lordosis: swayback; abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar vertebrae • Scoliosis: side-to-side curvature of the spine

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