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Immune System

Immune System. Jody Morrissey, Amy Hedlund, Jessie Klinck, Charlotte Kelley. 1st Line of Defense: Surface Barriers. Surface Barriers to Invasion  Skin (6) Low moisture and low pH that microogranisms can not live on mucous membranes at other body surfaces (6) 

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Immune System

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  1. Immune System Jody Morrissey, Amy Hedlund, Jessie Klinck, Charlotte Kelley

  2. 1st Line of Defense: Surface Barriers • Surface Barriers to Invasion  • Skin (6) • Low moisture and low pH that microogranisms can not live on • mucous membranes at other body surfaces (6)  • helps maintain a low pH that bacteria and fungi can not tolerate • Lysozyme in mucous digests cell walls of bacteria • lysozyme in tears, saliva (6) • Harmless bacteria living on body surfaces can fight off pathogens (any virus, bacterium, fungus, protistan, or parasitic worm that can infect organisms and cause disease) (6) •  tears, saliva, urination, and diarrhea flush out pathogens (6)

  3. 2nd Line of Defense: Nonspecific Response 2.   Nonspecific Responses: • pathogen destroying white blood cells • macrophages and neutrophils destroy microogranisms through phagocytosis (meaning cellular eating) (6) • Neutrophils are more abundant and when a pathogen is inside of it, it releases a chemical killing the pathogen (10) • Natural Killer cells (NK cells) found in blood stream attack abnormal body cells and kill cells infected by virus's (10) • Inflammation (14) • Mast cells release histamine, which causes arteriolar vasodilation (blood flow increase) and increased capillary permeability (6) • fluid and plasma proteins leak out of capillaries causing tissue swelling and pain (6) • Neutrophils and macrophages and other phagocytes engulf invaders and debris (6)

  4. 2nd Line of Defense (cont.) •  Organs that kill pathogens (6) • Lymph nodes filter pathogens from lymp • Some cytotoxic cells (ex. Natural Killer (NK) cells) (6)

  5. Concentration Gradient: • During inflammation when capillary's become more permeable, fluid and plasma proteins leak out, causing tissue swelling and pain (6) (6)

  6. 3rd Line of Defense: Immune Responses 3.   Specific responses • Defenses used for specific pathogens (6) • Pathogens can be recognized by antigens (6) • Antigens: Proteins on the surface of a foreign agent • Antibodies are proteins found on the surface of white blood cells that attach to particular antigens (10) • lymphocytes are white blood cells and they carry antibodies, which fit certain antigens (6) • T-Cells: Produce and store substances that activate a T or B lymphocytes to divide (helper T cells); White blood cells that destroy infected cells (cytotoxic T cells) (6,10) • B-Cells: Make antibodies (6)

  7. 1 (11)

  8. - A type of white blood cells called phagocytes can easily pass through the walls of a blood vessel and to the site of the foreign invader. (1) - Phagocytes either ingest/absorb pathogens or release and enzyme to destroy them. (1) - Phagocytes send out messages to lymphocytes to identify the type of antibody needed. (1)  How White Blood Cells Destroy Pathogens

  9. White Blood Cells (cont.) - Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell which carry certain types of antibodies.     •Antibodies are proteins that have a chemical "fit" to a specific antigen (1). When antigens enter the body they trigger the production of an antibody. (12) - These proteins can bind to other proteins in order to destroy the pathogens or "coat" the them, creating a clump of antigens.(1)     • This makes it easier for the phagocytes to ingest the pathogens(1).

  10. Vaccines (6) • Used to protect body from pathogens • Active and Passive immunity • Usually made from: • weakened or killed pathogens • inactivated natural toxins • harmless viruses, genetically engineered, genes from 3 or more pathogens are inserted into DNA or RNA of the viruses (5)

  11. Passive: For individuals already infected Injected with a purified antibody Not long lasting because the individuals B cells have not produced any antibodies against the pathogen (6) Active: Given before individual is infected Individuals are given an antigen containing a preparation of a pathogen Preparation contains small amount of substance that triggers immune system Injected or taken orally Booster after initial injection to produce memory cells (6) Passive v. Active Immunity

  12. Autoimmune Diseases • Immune system identifies the body's own cells as dangerous through antigens which signal antibodies to attack these cells (6). Antibodies that attack the body's cells are called autoantibodies (7). • Grave's Disorder-antibodies attack mechanism that controls the production of the thyroid hormones, so too many are produced (6). • Rheumatoid Arthritis- a swelling of the joints occur when antigens are made against the body's collagen molecules and antibodies attach this molecule causing more damage to the skeletal joints (6). • Other common autoimmune diseases include lupus, psoriasis and type 1 diabetes (6).

  13. Analogy If the immune system is like a country warding off invaders then  how are autoimmune diseases like a civil war within the body? Who is fighting who?

  14. References: 1."BBC - GCSE Bitesize: More about White Blood Cells." BBC. BBC, 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.          <http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/human/defendingagainstinfectionrev4.shtml> 2. "BBC-Lymphocytes - YouTube." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.              <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cD_uAGPBfQQ>. 3. "BBC-Types of White Blood Cell-phagocytes - YouTube." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.          <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEOV-SFTlpY> 4."Re-Engineering the Human Immune System." H Magazine | Covering Technological, Scientific, and Cultural            Trends That Are Changing–and Will Change–human Beings in Fundamental Ways. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.            <http://hplusmagazine.com/2010/02/02/re-engineering-human-immune-system/>.

  15. References (cont.) 5. Mayo Clinic. "MayoClinic.com Health Library - How Vaccines Work." Riverside. 1998. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://www.riversideonline.com/health_reference/Infectious-Disease/ID00023.cfm?RenderForPrint=1>. 6. Starr, Cecie. Biology, the unity and diversity of life. 10th ed. Monterey: Brooks/Cole, 2004. Print. 7. "3D Animations of Lupus- YouTube." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. YouTube, 24 Apr. 2009. Web. 24           Oct. 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Em472khOY> 8.Wikipedia. Web. 2011. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SEM_Lymphocyte.jpg/230px-SEM_Lymphocyte.jpg>. 9. "The Human Defense System." Human Defense System. Web. 2011.   <http://leavingbio.net/The%20Human%20Defence%20System-web-2.htm>.

  16. References (cont.) 10.  Campbell, Williamson, and Heyden. Biology: Exploring Life. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2009. Print. 11.  Soni, Rajinder. "How to Keep Yourself Healthy with Probiotics?" Boddunan. 15 Sept. 2009. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <http://www.boddunan.com/health-a-fitness/39-food/3464-how-to-keep-yourself-healthy-with-probiotics.html>. 12."Antigen: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. 8 May 2011. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002224.htm>. 13. "Specific Immunity, Antibodies - YouTube." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. 11 Dec. 2007. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ys_V6FcYD5I>.  14.  "The Inflammatory Response - YouTube." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. 18 Feb. 2010. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bNN95sA6-8>. 

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