Movement and Joint Action

1. Movement and Joint Action

2. STUDENT HAND OUT Special motions of the hands and feet

3. STUDENT HAND OUT General motion

4. Flexion Bending movement that decreases the angle between two parts. Bending the elbow, or clenching a hand into a fist, are examples of flexion. When sitting down, the knees are flexed. Flexion of the hip or shoulder moves the limb forward (towards the anterior side of the body).

5. Extension The opposite of flexion; a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. In a conventional handshake, the fingers are fully extended. When standing up, the knees are extended. Extension of the hip or shoulder moves the limb backward (towards the posterior side of the body).

6. Hyperextension Continuation of the movement of extensions past the neutral position

7. Abduction A motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body (or, in the case of fingers and toes, spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot). Abduction of the wrist is called radial deviation. Raising the arms laterally, to the sides, is an example of abduction.

8. Adduction A motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb. Dropping the arms to the sides, or bringing the knees together, are examples of adduction. In the case of the fingers or toes, adduction is closing the digits together. Adduction of the wrist is called ulnar deviation.

9. Circumduction The circular (or, more precisely, conical) movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye. It consists of a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction. "Windmilling" the arms or rotating the hand from the wrist are examples of circumductive movement.

10. Pronation A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down. This is not medial rotation as this must be performed when the arm is half flexed.

11. Supination is a position of either the forearm or foot; in the forearm when the palm faces anteriorly, or faces up (when the arms are unbent and at the sides). Supination in the foot occurs when a person appears "bow-legged" with their weight supported primarily on the anterior of their feet

13. Plantarflexion Plantar flexion is the movement which increases the approximate 90 degree angle between the front part of the foot and the shin, as when depressing an automobile pedal. The word "plantar" is commonly understood in medical terminology as the bottom of the foot - it translates as "toward the sole".

14. Dorsiflexion is the movement which decreases the angle between the dorsum (superior surface) of the foot and the leg, so that the toes are brought closer to the shin. The movement moving in opposite directions is called plantarflexion. Put more simply: it applies to the upward movement of the foot at the ankle joint.

15. Eversion - the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane. • When the ankleisforcedoutward, the injuryisknown as an ; • EVERSION SPRAIN

16. INVERSION is the movement of the sole towards the median plane (as when an ankle is twisted). • When the ankleisforcedinward, the injuryisknown as an ; • INVERSION SPRAIN • Most common

18. Protraction is the anatomical term of motion for anterior movement of the arms at the shoulders.

20. Retraction is the anatomical term of motion for posterior movement of the arms at the shoulders

22. Elevation- Movement in a superior direction.

23. Depression- Movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation. This term is often applied to the shoulders (e.g. dropping them to a normal condition after shrugging them would be depression).