French and Indian War

1. French and Indian War 1754 - 1763

2. New France • First explored by Jacques Cartier in 1534 • First permanent French settlement, Quebec,, was established in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain. Quebec is located on the St. Lawrence River • Champlain is considered the “Father of New France”

4. Expansion • Catholic priest Marquette and fur trader Louis Jolliet explored the Great Lakes in 1673

5. 1673 They also explored the upper Mississippi River hoping to find the “Northwest Passage”. They went as far south as Arkansas

7. Robert La Salle explored the lower Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico in 1682. He named the area Louisiana in honor King Louis XIV

8. Robert CavelierSieur de LaSalle

10. New France • New France was larger than the 13 English colonies in square miles area but had a smaller population • The French were interested in Fur Trading business with the Indians • They also sent priests to convert the Native Americans to Christianity • Because of trade, relations with Native Americans was good

11. Beaver Most valuable fur

12. In the spring 1754, George Washington was sent by the governor of Virginia with 300 men to order the French out a critical river junction where the Allegany and Monongahela Rivers join to form the Ohio River • The French had constructed Fort Duquesne to protect the junction located near present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

13. Ft Duquesne

15. First Shots of the French and Indian War • Washington’s men built Fort Necessity 60 miles south of Duquesne. • They ambushed a French party. The French responded by attacking Ft Necessity

16. Washington was forced to surrender Fort Necessity after a short fire fight • One year later he would return to the area with General Edward Braddock and 1000 British soldiers to take Ft Duquesne

17. French and Indian forces ambushed Braddock • General Braddock was killed along with half his soldiers • Washington was not hurt but had two horses shot from under him

20. DeathofBraddock • General Edward Braddock was one of the best military mind in the British Army • His training and experience was rooted in European warfare where armies faced each other on open ground and exchanged volleys of gun fire • He was not prepared for “Indian warfare” where the enemy used cover and concealment during the battle

21. Albany Plan of Union • In 1755 7 colonies met at Albany, New York to prepare for the war and to discuss Indian strategy • The Plan of Union was Benjamin Franklin’s work. It was accepted at the meeting but rejected in the colonies

22. This is the drawing Franklin published in the Pennsylvania Gazette and circulated throughout thecolonies. His Plan of Union was approved at the meeting but ultimately rejected by the colonies

23. William Pitt • The war went bad for the British for the first four years with defeat after defeat • King George asked William Pitt to come out of retirement and become Prime Minister • He would turn the war around by allocating more resources to North America and appointing capable leaders

24. James Wolfe • Pitt gave the most important mission to General James Wolfe • His mission was to capture the French stronghold of Quebec • In September 1759 Wolfe was ready to attack

25. Louis de Montcalm • The French commander at Quebec was Louis de Montcalm

26. The Battle of Quebec was fought on September 13, 1759 outside the walled city on the Plains of Abraham

27. The British won the decisive Battle of Quebec. Both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed during the fighting

28. Treaty of Paris, 1763 • The treaty officially ended the war • France lost all land in North America. Britain received all land east of the Mississippi River to include Canada • Spain received the land west of the Mississippi River • France was allowed to keep several islands in the Caribbean for sugar production

31. Aftermath of the War 1763 - 1764

32. Pontiac’s Rebellion • Following the war, Ottawa chief Pontiac rebelled against British rule • In the summer of 1763, he attacked frontier settlements in western N.Y., Pennsylvania, and Virginia

33. The tribes were weakened after blankets infected with smallpox were given by the British • Pontiac’s rebellion ended with Pontiac’s death 3 months later

34. Proclamation of 1763 • To prevent any more conflicts between Native Americans and colonists, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763 • In it he forbade any colonial expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains • The Proclamation Line angered colonists and was generally ignored

36. Prime Minister Grenville • The French and Indian War bankrupted the British government • King George appointed George Grenville to solve those money problems in 1763

37. Revenue Act (Sugar Act) • In 1764 Parliament passed the Sugar Act at Grenville’s request • It lowered the tax on molasses to 3 pence per gallon • It also created Vice Admiralty courts to try smugglers • The only protests to the tax came from merchants

38. Vice Admiralty Courts • Vice Admiralty court was more like a military court martial than a civil or criminal trial • There was no jury to hear the evidence, only a military judge and he received 5% of the value of confiscated cargos

39. The End