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Untangling the Complexity of 5G Network Architecture for Enhanced Connectivity

Explore the evolution of mobile networks from 1G to 5G, with a focus on ITU-R IMT-2020 performance goals and architectural frameworks for 5G networks. Understand the key nodes and functions in 4G/LTE and 5G networks, along with the advancements in control and user plane separation. Learn about network slicing, CRAN architecture, RAN protocol stack split options, and CPRI bandwidth considerations in the context of 5G deployments. Discover the potential of cloud RAN and eCPRI for optimized network performance and efficiency in the 5G era. Dive into the world of 5G technology innovations, including massive MIMO and spectrum options, to realize the full potential of ultra-fast and reliable mobile communication. Join us on the journey to unravel the intricacies of 5G network architecture and unleash the power of next-generation connectivity.

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Untangling the Complexity of 5G Network Architecture for Enhanced Connectivity

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  1. 5G: an IP Engineer Perspective Federico Cossu Consulting Engineer | IP/Optical Networks federico.cossu@nokia.com ITNOG5

  2. From analog voice to high speed Internet A Brief History of Mobile Networks 5G 1G 2G 3G 4G Analog Voice Digital Voice Mobile Data Mobile Broadband ? No Data 100s of kbps 10s of Mbps 100s of Mbps iPhone X Nokia Cityman Nokia 3210 iPhone 3G 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 ITNOG5

  3. ITU-R IMT-2020 performance goals What Is 5G? Peak Data Rate (Gbps) Enhanced Mobile Broadband Peak Data Rate 20 High Importance User Experienced Data Rate (Mbps) Area Traffic Capacity (Mbps/m2) User Experienced Data Rate Area Traffic Capacity 1 100 10 Medium 1 10 0.1 Low 5G 4G 100x Spectrum Efficiency Energy Efficiency Spectrum Efficiency Energy Efficiency 1x 10x 1x 3x Massive Machine Type Communications 350 105 500 106 Connection Density Mobility 10 Mobility (Km/h) Connection Density (devices/km2) Ultra Reliable And Low Latency Communications 1 Latency Latency (ms) Source: ITU-R M.2038.0 ITNOG5

  4. Main nodes and functions Recap: 4G/LTE Evolved Packet Core Mobility and Session Management Interface to Subscriber Database MME S1-MME S11 IP Core S1-U S5 SGi Internet PGW eNB SGW Mobility Anchor Point Session Management Packet Forwarding IP Anchor Point Session Management Packet Forwarding Interface to Policy, Charging, etc. MME: Mobility Management Entity SGW: Serving Gateway PGW: PDN Gateway eNB: eNodeB (Radio) ITNOG5

  5. Combined control and user plane over IP Recap: 4G/LTE Architecture and Traffic Flows S1-AP SCTP Control Plane (S1-MME) IP eNB MME S11 X2 Backhaul IP Core S5 Internet User Plane (S1-U) PGW eNB SGW IP GPS/ SyncE/ 1588v2/ NTP IP IP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-C MME: Mobility Management Entity SGW: Serving Gateway PGW: PDN Gateway eNB: eNodeB (Radio) UDP UDP UDP IP IP IP ITNOG5

  6. Main nodes and functions 5G Architecture: Native Control and User Plane Separation SBA Bus Mobility Management Session Management NAMF NSMF SMF AMF Control Plane N2 User Plane N4 N4 N3 N9 N6 UPF UPF gNB Internet Centralized User Plane N6 Packet Forwarding AMF: Access and Mobility Management Function SMF: Session Management Function UPF: User Plane Function SBA: Service Based Architecture gNB: gNodeB (Radio) Internet Distributed User Plane ITNOG5

  7. Same backhaul protocol stack with REST control plane 5G Architecture and Traffic Flows SBA Bus NSMF NAMF NG-AP SCTP Control Plane (N2) IP SMF gNB AMF N4 Xn Backhaul IP Core N6 User Plane (N3) Internet gNB UPF IP GPS/ 1588v2 REST/JSON IP AMF: Access and Mobility Management Function SMF: Session Management Function UPF: User Plane Function SBA: Service Based Architecture gNB: gNodeB (Radio) HTTP/2 GTP-U PFCP UDP UDP TCP IP IP IP ITNOG5

  8. Requires a service-aware backhaul network 5G Network Slicing for “Network as a Service” SBA Bus NAMF NNSSF SMF SMF SMF SMF NSSF AMF N4 N4 N4 N4 N2 TE-enabled Backhaul N6 N6 N6 N6 N3 UPF UPF UPF UPF DN DN DN DN gNB NSSF: Network Slice Selection Function ITNOG5

  9. CRAN architecture introduces CPRI for the Fronthaul network RAN Densification: Searching for Better Radio Coordination S/PGW CPRI: Common Public Radio Interface Ultra low delay variation (16ns) Control & Management User Plane Sync Backhaul eNBs IQ Data Vendor Specific L1 In-band Protocol Ethernet HDLC BBU Pool P2P constant bitrate stream Fronthaul Time Division Multiplexing Requires Dedicated Fiber (xWDM) RRH RRH RRH EPC: Evolved Packet Core RRH: Remote Radio Head BBU: Baseband Unit Centralized RAN ITNOG5

  10. Targeting a 10X increase in throughput 5G New Radio Main Technology Innovations Massive MIMO New Spectrum Options 1GHz 6GHz 24GHz mmWave Larger Radio Channels Up to 400MHz ITNOG5

  11. CPRI bandwidth explosion with massive MIMO Current CRAN Architecture Unfit for 5G Deployments *Approximate values 1000Gbps 320 100Gbps 64 10Gbps 4 1Gbps 1 1Tx 20MHz 4Tx 20MHz 64Tx 20MHz 64Tx 100MHz ITNOG5

  12. RAN protocol stack split options Addressing the Fronthaul Bandwidth Challenges IP RRC IP RRC Max. Latency Option 1 Option 1 PDCP PDCP High Layer Option 2 Option 2 Layer 2 RLC Option 3 RLC Option 3 Option 4 Option 4 MAC Option 5 MAC Option 5 Option 6 Option 6 Low Layer PHY Option 7 PHY Option 7 Layer 1 Option 8 Option 8 CPRI Required Bandwidth RF RF ITNOG5

  13. Cloud RAN with packet-based transport 5G NR Introduces a New RAN Architecture EPC/5GC NG/S1 NG/S1 Backhaul gNB gNB Xn CU CU Midhaul F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 High Layer Split (Option 2) DU DU DU DU DU DU Fronthaul Low Layer Split (Option 7-2a) CU: Centralized Unit DU: Distributed Unit RU: Radio Unit RU RU RU RU RU RU ITNOG5

  14. Designed for packet-based networks eCPRI: Fronthaul Transport over Ethernet eCPRI Services Connection OAM Other eCPRI Services Real-Time Control C&M User Data Synchronization PTP SSH, SNMP, etc SyncE eCPRI Protocol Header UDP, TCP, etc. UDP (Optional) IP IP (Optional) ICMP Ethernet (Etype:AEFE) Ethernet OAM VLAN+PCP MACSec ITNOG5

  15. Savings of 10x compared to CPRI eCPRI Fronthaul Bandwidth Estimations 236 Gbps 236 Gbps • Basic Assumptions: • 100MHz • 8x4 MIMO (w/ 2 streams per uplink layer) • 64 Antennas • TTI: 1ms • Modulation: 256QAM • *3Gbps downlink from MAC layer • *1.5Gbps uplink to MAC layer eCPRI 20 Gbps 20 Gbps Drives 25GE interfaces <10 Gbps <10 Gbps Control/ Down User/ Up Control/ Up Up User/ Down Down • Option 7-2 • (Downlink) • Option 7-2 • (Uplink) • CPRI ITNOG5

  16. Direct implication on inter-node distances IEEE1914.1 & eCPRI Recommended One-Way Latency UPF CU RU DU 5G Core Backhaul Midhaul Fronthaul >10ms 1ms 100𝜇s (50𝜇s for URLLC) >2000km 20km 200km (10km for URLLC) Fiber Latency=5𝜇s/km ITNOG5

  17. QoS for mixing Fronthaul with other traffic flows IEEE 802.1CM – Time Sensitive Networks Profile A: Strict Priority Fronthaul: High Priority Other: Low Priority Supported Today Ingress traffic Egress port: 4 3 2 1 Fronthaul 3 2 Other 4 1 Profile B: Frame Preemption (<10GE only) Fronthaul: Express Traffic Other: Preemptable Traffic Frame Preemption Requires MAC Change (mated boxes on a link) Egress port: 4 1 2 3 1 ITNOG5

  18. Radio and IP/Transport planning must be done together No One-Size Fits-All Solution Fronthaul (100us) Midhaul (1ms) Backhaul (>10ms) 5G Core CU DU RU Backhaul (>10ms) Midhaul (1ms) 5G Core CU DU+RU DATA CENTER/NFVI Fronthaul (100us) Backhaul (>10ms) 5G Core CU+DU RU Backhaul (>10ms) 5G Core CU+DU+RU ITNOG5

  19. 5G slicing Introducing slicing concept and 5G use-cases

  20. Verticals Residential 5G deployment areas and use cases are mostly driven by Verticals… • Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) [5G TTH] • Improved reachability, coverage and capacity • Enable MNOs to enter new markets, offer new services • 5G hotspots • Allow VR/AR content delivery at large public venues • Allow eMBB • Industrial applications; smart cities • Enable build-outs of private and public infrastructures • New vertical segments and business models • Healthcare; infotainment • Telemedicine, bandwidth/latency sensitive communications • Mass delivery of video-driven services • UAVs (drones); autonomous vehicles • Enable new types of services for expanded market opportunities; fleet management, traffic control etc. 5 4 3 2 1 ITNOG5

  21. One size does not “fit all“ Why 5G network slicing? 10 kbps for IoT 5G era Pre-5G era 100 kbps & 2ms for gaming 10kbps - Meter/sensor (IoT) 10 Mbps for video streaming 1 Mbps for Web browsing 100kbps & 2ms - Gaming 10Mbps - video streaming 1Mbps - Web browsing Network Slice virtual network with certain SLA (latency, throughput etc.) ITNOG5

  22. End to end network slicing End to end network slices Transport slices Coreslices RAN slices Infotainment HD maps BMW infotainment BMW HD maps Automated driving Automated driving Public & private clouds Edge Core Public Safety Video surveillance Hard vs. Soft Slicing Multi-source artificial intelligence PS Video surveillance Tenants ITNOG5

  23. On the road to 5G use cases What we can do with all of this? 5 eHealth 1 Video surveillance & analytics 2 Machine remote control 6 Fixed Wireless Access 3 Assisted & autonomous vehicles 7 Immersive experience 4 Cloud robotics & process automation 8 Smart Stadium ITNOG5

  24. Fixed Wireless Gateway S/PGW CPF BNG CPF Rapid broadband coverage in greenfield areas Fixed-wireless Access with LTE and 5G (NSA) PCRF/ AAA Fixed-wireless access Multi-access User Plane Gx EPC-NAS GTPv2 (S11) MME S1-MME BNG + S/PGW CPF • LTE • 5G NR UE • Fixed-wireless Access Gateway • Combined SGW/PGW/BNG function • Features limited/relevant to residential broadband deployment (fixed-wireless APN). • Enable rapid broadband coverage in greenfield through fixed-wireless. • 5G trials for fixed-wireless (FTTH alternative). • Software upgrade on existing BNGs. • DHCP (including DHCPv6-PD) over GTP-u supported. eNB gNB GTP (S1-U) Sx UPF UPF UPF Internet : Far Edge (CO) Aggregated Edge Data Center ITNOG5

  25. Hybrid Access Gateway S/PGW CPF BNG CPF Expanding broadband capacity and reach Hybrid access - Bonding Fixed & Mobile Access PCRF/ AAA Fixed-wireless access Multi-access User Plane Gx EPC-NAS GTPv2 (S11) MME S1-MME BNG + S/PGW CPF • LTE • 5G NR eNB gNB GTP (S1-U) • Hybrid Access Services • Bonding fixed + wireless access • - Network bonding (GTP) • - Session bonding (MP TCP) • Augment fixed access capacity • Offload LTE network • Resilience (Access redundancy) • Single IP address, sign-on • Rapid service activation Sx • Hybrid access Data network Gi UPF UPF UPF • xDSL • FTTx • HFC : CPE Wireline access Far Edge (CO) Aggregated Edge Data Center ITNOG5

  26. Thank You! ITNOG5

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